Memory and Forgetting test

These flashcards encompass key terms and concepts from the lecture notes on Memory and Forgetting, aimed at helping the student prepare for their upcoming exam.

Memory

The persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

Alzheimer's Disease

A condition characterized by difficulty remembering new information and eventually an inability to perform everyday tasks.

Recall

A measure of memory where a person must retrieve information learned earlier.

Recognition

The ability to identify items previously learned, such as in a multiple-choice question.

Relearning

Learning something more quickly when learned a second or later time.

Parallel Processing

Processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously.

Sensory Memory

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Short Term Memory (STM)

The briefly activated memory of items that is later stored or forgotten.

Long Term Memory (LTM)

The relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system, which includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Working Memory

A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming sensory info and info from long-term memory.

Explicit Memory

Retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and declare.

Implicit Memory

Retention of learned skills or classical conditioning associations independent of conscious recollection.

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurring automatically.

Mnemonics

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Spaced Practice

Breaking study into smaller chunks and spending more time at it for better retention.

Shallow Processing

Encoding on a basic level, focusing on structure or appearance of words.

Deep Processing

Encoding semantically based on the meaning of words, which tends to yield the best retention.

Flashbulb Memories

Clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events.

Context Dependent Memory

Improved recall of information when the concept present during encoding is also present at retrieval.

Retrieval Failure

When information is stored but cannot be accessed.

Interference

When old or new information interferes with the ability to remember other information.

Constructive Memory

Memories are rebuilt, not replayed exactly, which can lead to errors.

Déjà vu

A feeling that a current situation has been experienced before.

Encode

Get information into our brains

Storage

Retaining the information

Retrieve

Later getting the information back out of our brain

Phonological Loop

part of your working memory that helps you keep sounds and words in your mind for a short time. It’s like a little voice inside your head that repeats things so you can remember them.

Episodic Buffer

Briefly combines information in working memory.

Central Executive

A memory component that coordinate the activities of phonological

Iconic Memory

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Echoic Memory

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere sounds and words can still be recalled within three or four seconds.

George Millers magic 7

7 items for 30 seconds

Hierarchies

Composed of a few broad categories divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

Maintenance Rehearsal

repeating information over and over to keep it in short-term memory without adding meaning.

(Deep) Semantic Processing

A type of deep processing that focuses on the meaning of information.

(Shallow) Structural Encoding

A type of shallow processing that focuses on the physical appearance of words.

(Intermediate) Phonemic Encoding

encoding based on the sound of words

Memory Consolidation

The neural storage of long-term memory

Basal Ganglia

Implicit memory formation. Helps you with your automatic skills.

Amygdala

Emotion related memory formation.

Priming

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

Retrospective Memory

involves remembering past events, facts and experiences.

Prospective Memory

remembering to do something in the future.

Primacy Effect

better recall of items at the beginning of a list

Recency Effect

better recall of items at the end of a list

Metacognition

awareness and understanding of your own thinking and learning

Forgetting

The failure to encode, store, or retrieve information.

Anterograde Amnesia

inability to form new memories after brain injury

Retrograde Amnesia

inability to recall previously stored memories.

Encoding Failure

information never enters long-term memory because it was not encoded

Storage decay

Memory fades overtime, due to lack of use

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

forgetting occurred rapidly in the first few hours after learning and then declines more gradually

Retrieval Failure (tip of the tounge phenomenon)

information is stored, but cannot be accessed.

retroactive interference

New information interferes with old memories

proactive interference

Old information interferes with new learning.

Repression (controversial)

unconsciously blocking disturbing memories

Reconsolidation

Memories are altered each time they are retrieved and stored again

misinformation effect

incorporating misleading information into a memory

source amnesia

Forgetting where information came from

true vs. false memories

people can confidently remember events that never actually happened

Eyewitness Testimony

Accounts given by people who witnessed an event; often unreliable.

improving memory

Using strategies like spacing, testing, elaboration, and sleep.