serology, ELISA, and infectious agent

Serology

the scientific study of blood serum and other bodily fluids

Pregnancy Testing

detecting of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in urine

Pros of Pregnancy Testing

convenience, privacy, affordability, ease of use, early detection, wide availability, improved accuracy

Cons of Pregnancy Test

timing sensitivity, human error, false positives, false negatives, no medical guidance, anxiety or misinterpretation, lack of sensitivity to rare conditions

Blood Typing

determines an individual’s blood group based on the presence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells

Clumps in blood testing

positive

No clumps in blood testing

negative

ELISA Testing

detect and quantify specific biomolecules, such as antibodies, antigens, proteins, or hormones

ELISA Testing commonly used for

HIV, Covid-19, Hepatitis, Pregnancy Hormones, Allergies

Tool used in ELISA Testing

transfer Pipet

Person-to-Person

skin-to-skin: ring worm

sexual contact: HIV

Droplet Spread

COVID-19

Airborne Transmission

chickenpox

Fomite Transmission

norovirus

Vector-Borne Transmission

plague

Contaminated Food or Water

cholera

Poor Hygiene

rotavirus

In Utero

rubella

During Birth

herpes simplex virus

Breastfeeding

HIV

Direct Contact

rabies

Consumption of Contaminated Animal Products

Salmonella

Bloodborne Transmission

Hepatitis B

Sexual Transmission

Chlamydia

Contaminated Sol

tetanus

Waterborne Pathogens

legionella

prevention of transmission

hygiene, vaccination, protective measure, vector control, quarantine and isolation

Inactivated Vaccines

contain killed pathogens

Live-Attenuated Vaccines

use weakened forms of the pathogen

Subunit, Recombinant, and Conjugate Vaccines

include specific pieces of the pathogens

mRNA Vaccines

deliver genetic instruction for the immune system to produce and antigen

Vector-Based Vaccines

use harmless virus to deliver genetic material coding for an antigen

Endemic

regularly found among particular people or in a certain area

Sporadic

a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly

Epidemic

a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease where many people are infected at the same time

Pandemic

an epidemic that affects multiple geographic areas at the same time

Herd Immunity

immunity in MOST of the population

R0 (reproductive number)

is how many people 1 person can infect

Threshold %

is the amount of the population vaccinated in order to obtain Herd immunity

Direct ELISA

• test for antibody

• uses one antibody

• signal is generated and measured

Indirect ELISA

• test for antibody (or antigen)

• 2 antibodies

• signal is generated and measured

Sandwich ELISA

• test for antigen

• 2 antibodies

• for complex samples

Competitive ELISA

• test for antigen

• sample antigen competes with the known one

• signal inversely correlates with the amount of antigen in the sample

Voriolation

inoculation of smallpox into the skin

vaccine

substance used to stimulate the
production of antibodies that provide immunity against one or several diseases or their products; treated to act as
an antigen without inducing disease