Important Psychologist to Know for AP Psychology (2025) (AP)

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42 Terms

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Sigmund Freud

The founder of psychoanalysis.

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Id

The primal part of the psyche that seeks immediate gratification (pleasure principle).

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Ego

The rational part that mediates between the id and the external world (reality principle).

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Superego

The moral conscience, shaped by societal norms.

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Defense Mechanisms

Strategies the ego uses to protect itself from anxiety, such as repression (pushing thoughts out of awareness), projection (attributing one’s feelings to others), and denial.

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Psychosexual Stages

Freud believed that personality developed through five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Unresolved conflicts at any stage could lead to fixation, influencing adult personality.

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Carl Jung

The founder of analytical psychology

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Collective Unconscious

Jung proposed a layer of the unconscious shared among all people, containing universal symbols and themes (archetypes), such as the Shadow (repressed traits), the Hero, and the Anima/Animus (gendered aspects of the psyche).

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Individuation

Jung believed that achieving wholeness required balancing conscious and unconscious parts of the self, leading to personal growth.

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B.F. Skinner

A leading figure in behaviorism

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Operant Conditioning

Skinner demonstrated that behaviors could be increased or decreased through reinforcement (positive or negative) or punishment. For example, rewards for a behavior increase its likelihood, while punishment decreases it.

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Skinner Box

Skinner developed an apparatus to study animal behavior systematically, allowing him to control and measure responses to various reinforcements.

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Schedules of Reinforcement

Skinner’s research identified fixed and variable reinforcement schedules, showing that different schedules impact the rate and strength of learning.

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Ivan Pavlov

A Russian physiologist known for discovering classical conditioning, Pavlov showed that animals could learn to associate a neutral stimulus with an automatic response.

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Classical Conditioning

Pavlov’s experiments with dogs demonstrated that a neutral stimulus (a bell) could become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food), eventually eliciting a conditioned response (salivation).

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 Jean Piaget

Known for his theory of cognitive development, Piaget proposed that children go through four stages of development that shape their understanding of the world.

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Sensorimotor (0-2 years)

Infants learn through sensory experiences and object manipulation.

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Preoperational (2-7 years)

Children develop language and imagination but struggle with logical thinking and perspective-taking.

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Concrete Operational (7-11 years)

Children can think logically about concrete objects and understand conservation and reversibility.

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Formal Operational (12+ years)

Adolescents develop abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking.

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Schema

Mental models that represent a set of ideas or actions that are related.

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Assimilation

The process of fitting new information into existing schemas.

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Accommodation

The process of adjusting or creating new schemas when new information doesn't fit into existing ones.

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Erik Erikson

Developed a psychosocial development theory that describes eight stages from infancy to adulthood, each marked by a conflict essential for psychological growth.

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Identity Development

Erikson focused on the adolescent identity crisis, where individuals explore different roles to develop a cohesive sense of self.

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Abraham Maslow

Creator of the hierarchy of needs

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Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s pyramid includes physiological needs at the base, followed by safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization at the top.

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Self-Actualization

Maslow believed the highest form of psychological health involves fulfilling one’s potential and seeking personal growth.

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William James

Often called the father of American psychology

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Functionalism

James argued that mental processes should be studied for their utility, not just their structure.

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Pragmatism

James’s pragmatic approach focused on practical uses of psychological concepts, particularly in emotion and consciousness studies.

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Carl Rogers

A key figure in humanistic psychology

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Client-Centered Therapy

Rogers believed that therapists should provide a supportive environment to help clients achieve self-acceptance and growth.

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Elizabeth Loftus

A cognitive psychologist known for her research on the malleability of memory, especially in eyewitness testimony.

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Memory Reconstruction

Loftus’s studies revealed that memories could be altered by suggestion or misinformation, challenging the reliability of eyewitness accounts.

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Albert Bandura

Developed social learning theory, demonstrating that people learn behaviors through observation. He introduced the concept of self-efficacy and conducted the Bobo doll experiment.

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Observational Learning

Bandura showed that people, especially children, learn through observing and imitating others.

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Self-Efficacy

Bandura emphasized belief in one’s abilities as critical for motivation.

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Aaron Beck

Known for developing cognitive therapy, which aims to change negative thought patterns to improve mental health.

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 Stanley Milgram

Conducted obedience experiments, showing that people are willing to follow authority figures to surprising extents, even when it conflicts with their morals.

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Philip Zimbardo

Known for the Stanford prison experiment, which examined the effects of power dynamics and social roles on behavior.

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Daniel Kahneman

Nobel Prize-winning psychologist known for his work in behavioral economics, studying decision-making and cognitive biases.