Child Psychology Quiz 1

Chapter 2-3

Chapter 2: Hereditary Influences on Development

The cells nucleus consists of how many chromosomes

46 chromosomes consisting of thousands of Genes (the basic unity of heredity)

Each pair of chromosomes comes from

mother and the other from father. (23 of each parent)

Chromosomes

elongated threadlike bodies containing thousands of segments

Gene

basic unit of heredity (stretches of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA))

Each member of a pair of chromosomes corresponds to the other in

size, shape, and the hereditary functions it serves.

One member of each chromosome pair comes from the mother’s

ovum

One member of each chromosome pair comes from the father’s

sperm cell.

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid , a complex “double helix” molecule that resembles a twisted ladder and provides the chemical basis for development.

Genotype

the genes that one inherits. Together DNA, genes, and chromosomes work to tell your body how to form and function.

Phenotype

the expression of these genes (observable and measurable characteristics)

When does the process of heredity transmission begin

at the time of Conception, the moment of fertilization.

Zygote

formed when a sperm penetrates an ovum. This cell contains the complete biochemical material for the development from a single cell to a complete human.

How do we go from one single cell to a complex human being?

mitosis

Mitosis

the process of which cell duplicates its chromosomes and then divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.

Germ (Sex) Cells

Their one function is to produce gametes, sperm for males and ova in females. This is a separate process from mitosis

Meiosis

male germ cells in the testes and female germ cells in the ovaries produce sperm and ova

Multiple Births

monozygotic & Dizygotic

Monozygotic Twins

also known as identical twins develop from a single zygote that later divides to form two genetically identical individuals

Dizygotic Twins

also known as fraternal twins, develop when a mother releases two ova at roughly the same time each is fertilized by a different sperm. This produces two zygotes that are genetically different.

To determine the sex of an individual we must look at

the 23rd chromosome

If the pair consists of one elongated X chromosome and Y chromosome, the individual is

Male (X Y)

If the pair consist of two X chromosomes, the individual is

Female (X X)

Who determines the sex of their children

Fathers

What do Genes do on a biochemical level

they call for the production of amino acids → form enzymes and other proteins that are necessary for the formation and functioning of new cells

Our environment influences how our genes function, what are some examples of enviormental influences

Where one lives, the food we eat, what kind of childhood we had

Enviormental Influences

combined with genetic influences, they determines how a genotype is translated into a phenotype

What are the four main patterns of genetic expression

Simple dominant-recessive inheritance, Codominance, Sex-Likend Inheritance, Polygenic Inheritance (multiple gene)

Single - Gene Inheritance Patterns (True or Fase ) Sometimes, characteristics are determined by the actors of a single gene

true

Dominant Allele

a powerful gene that is expressed phenotypically and “overrides” the effect of a less powerful gene

Recessive Allele

a less powerful gene that is not expressed phenotypically when paired with a dominant allele.

(Polygenic Inheritance )( True or False) Sometimes, characteristics are determined by the actions of many genes

true

Examples of polygenic inheritence

Height, weight, intelligence, skin color, temperament, and susceptibility to cancer

A Congenital Defect is

a problem present at the birth. It is not always observable . The defects may stem from genetics, prenatal influences, or even birth complications

Huntington’s Disease

A rare inherited disease. Causes the progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the brain *Basal Gangila. Has a wide impact on a person’s ability to function, resulting in a decline in cognitive and physical abilities. The gene that produces HD is present from the time of conception.

Chromosomal Abnormalities

When Germ cells (egg or sperm cells) divided during meiosis, and the distribution of the 46 chromosomes may be uneven. One of the gametes may now have too many chromosomes or too few.

It's possible for males to be born with an extra

X or Y chromosome. (XXY or XYY)

It is possible for females to inherit

a single X chromosome or 3, 4, 5 X chromosomes (X0 or XXX or XXXX or XXXXX)

Abnormalities of the Autosomes

Other hereditary abnormalities are tied to the other 22 pairs of chromosomes

The most common abnormality occurs when

an ABNORMAL sperm or ovum (carrying an extra autosome) combines with a normal gamete to form a Zygote. There are 47 chromosomes, 2 sex and 45 autosomes.

Trisomy

The extra chromosome appears in one on of the autosomes (3 chromosomes of that type).

Down Syndrome

AKA Trisomy-21 is by far the most common autosomal abnormality. Occurs in 1 in 800 births. A child will inherit all or part of an extra 21st chromosome.

Down Syndrome Cognitions

individuals are mildly or moderately intellectually impaired.

Down Syndrome Difficulties

may have eye, ear and heart defects.

Down Syndrome Physical appearance

Will typically show distinct physical features

Genetic Disorders

Most come through recessive traits that a few close relatives may have had. There problems will not appear unless both parents carry the allele AND the child inherits the gene from each parent. Some are caused by dominant alleles (only need one parent to pass it down).

Genetic abnormalities

affect major organ systems, they are rare, and most have some kind of treatment in place. These defects can be detected before birth.

Tay Sachs Disease

The fatty substance collects in the nerve cells of the brain. This can cause damage. Over time, damaged cells may cause symptoms. Symptoms include the loss of mental and physical abilities. Also occur due to mutation; a change in the chemical structure or arrangement of one or more genes… resulting in the production of a new phenotype.

Mutations may occur either…

Spontaneously or are Induced by harmful hazards ( chemicals, radiation, pollutants, toxins, or preservatives in our foods)

How can you Predict Hereditary Disorders

genetic counseling, DNA analysis, Amniocentesis, Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

Genetic Counseling

in this process a genetic counselor will obtain complete family history for each parent. This is done to estimate the likelihood the child will be born with a chromosomal or genetic disorder

DNA analysis

a process of testing the DNA of both parents through blood samples. This is done to determine if any parent carries any genes in their DNA

Amniocentesis

a prenatal screening done where a hollow needle is inserted into the woman’s abdomen, a sample of the amniotic fluid is drawn and tested. Fetal cells in the fluid is what will be tested. Through this method, more than 100 genetic disorders can now be diagnosed through this procedure

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

is a process where tissue samples are collected during the 8th-9th week of pregnancy and tested

What are the two methods for Chrionic Villus Sampling

A needle can be inserted through the abdomen through a membrane (Chorion) that surrounds the fetus. Or a catheter is inserted through the vagina and cervix. (results are available within 24 hrs.)

Behavioral Genetics

the study of how genotype interacts with environment to determine behavioral attributes such as intelligence personality and mental health. Geneticists recognize that although genes play a role in our phenotype, one’s characteristics are dependent on one’s environment.

Genetics Influence

Intellectual Performance, Personality: Introversion/Extroversion, Empathic Concern, Behavior Disorder and Mental Illness: Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder

3 Hereditary Contributions to Personality

Introversion, Extroversion, Empathetic Concern

Contributions to Behavior Disorders and Mental Illness

Is there a hereditary basis for mental illness. Evidence for Schizophrenia, Alcoholism, Depression, Bipolar Disorder

Behavior Geneticist Sandra Scarr describes 3 ways that Heredity and Environment can be correlated.

1. Passive Genotype-parents provide an environment that matches their own genetic tendencies. 2) Occur because a child’s genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments. 3) Children actively seek out “niches” in their environment that reflect their own interests and talents.

The Epigenetic View states that

development reflects an ongoing bidirectional relationship between heredity and environment. G X E Interaction. Heredity    ←→       Environment

Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth

Prenatal development

Begins with fertilization and ends at birth. Will typically take between 266-280 days (38 to 40 weeks)

The prenatal periods

Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal

The Germinal Period

This period of development occurs during the first 2 weeks after conception

What happens during the Germinal Period

A zygote is formed (sperm fertilizes an ovum). Cell division occurs (mitosis). The Zygote will begin to attach to the uterine wall (11 to 15 days) after conception (Implantation). The period ends when the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall

The Embryonic Period

This period of development occurs 2-8 weeks after conception 

What happens during the Embryonic Period

rate of cell differentiation intensifies. This allows for organs to be formed. Once attached to wall, the group of cells is known as an Embryo. 3 layers of cells form

What are the 3 layers of cells that form during the Embryonic Period

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm

Endoderm

digestive and respiratory system

Mesoderm

circulatory systems, bones, muscles and excretory and reproductive system

Ectoderm

nervous system, brain, hair, nails, and all sensory receptors

Neural plate

thickends region of the ectodermal layer that gives rise to the neural tube 3 weeks after conception

Neural tube

Structure in the early stage of the brain developments from which the brain and spinal cord develop

Prenatal Development (Life Support)

life-support system are developed. (Amnion, Amniotic Fluid, Umbilical Cord)

Amnion

is a sac that contains fluid. This is where the embryo will float and develop for the time to come

Amniotic Fluid

is the fluid in the Amnion Sac. This fluid helps to stabilize temperatures and humidity

The Umbilical Cord

has two arteries and one vein and will connect the baby to the placenta (group of tissues).

The Fetal Period

This period occurs between two months after conception and birth

What happens during the Fetal Period

Growth will continue during this time. Fetus will gain weight. Fetus will grow in size/height. Mom will begin to feel the fetus move. Reflexes such as grasping will become present

The 3 Trimesters of the Prenatal Period

Both the germinal and embryonic periods occur during the first trimesters. The end of the first trimester as well as the second and third trimester are part of the fetal period.

Brain Development

By the time of birth, a child will have 20 to 100 billion neurons. During prenatal dev. Neurons will be moving to their designated locations and begin connecting. Basic characteristics and functions of the brain are developed in the first 2 trimesters

4 Phases of Brain Development

The Neural Tube, Neurogenis, Neuronal Migration, Neural Connectivity

The Neural Tube

formed by neural tissues

Neurongenis

new neurons are generated

Neuronal Migration

cell moves out toward appropriate locations

Neural Connectivity

connections will be made

Development of the Human Nervous System

When a sperm fertilizes an egg, it results in the production of a Zygote. Zygotes are just a single cell, but not for long. On the 2nd day it will begin to divide. Embryonic Disc

Teratogen

any agent that can negatively alter the development of children, affecting them cognitively, physically, and behaviorally. There are so many teratogens, that it is difficult to pinpoint which teratogen causes which problem. In some cases, the effect will take time to appear

Teratology Causes

Prescription Drugs, Nonprescription Drugs, Caffeine, Alcohol, Nicotine, Marijuana, Heroin, Cocaine

Environmental Hazards

Radiation, Toxic Waste, Chemical Pollutants

Common Diseases that Pose a Threat to Prenatal Dev.

STDS, Aids, Genital Herpes, Syphilis, Other maternal diseases, Chicken pox, Diabetes, Influenza, Malaria

The danger of structural defects caused by teratogens is greatest during

early embryonic development

The period of organogenesis lasts for about

six weeks

Later assaults by teratogens, mainly occur in the

fetal period and instead of causing structural damage are more likely to stunt growth or cause problems involving organ function

Additional Factors

woman’s nutrition, her emotional well

The Birth Process happens in

3 stages

3 Stages of Birth

Cervix Dilates, Baby’s head moves through the cervix, Delivery of After Birth

Stage 1 of Birth

Cervix Dilates

Cervix Dialtes

This is the longest lasting stage. Contractions will begin to occur. Contractions allow for the cervix to be stretched. Women will Dilate about 10 centimeters