Anatomy final exam

hypothalamus hormone

\-ADH

\-oxytocin

thyroid hormone

\-t3

\-t4

\-calcitonin

thymus hormone

\-thymosin (shrinks with age)

adrenal gland

\-cortex

\-medulla

adrenal cortex zones

\- zona glonerulosa

\-zona fasciculata

\-zona reticularis

adrenal medulla hormones

\-norepinephrine

\-epinephrine

zona glonerulosa

mineralocorticoids

zona fasciculata

glucocorticoids

zona reticularis

androgens

pineal gland

melatonin

parathyroid

PTH

kidney

\-calcitriol

\-tenin

\-erythropoietin

adipose

\-leptin

\-resistin

pancreas islets

\-insulin

\-glucagon

testes

\-testosterone inhibin

ovaries

estrogen

exocrine

ducts

endocrine

ducties

only hormone produced in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland

MSH - melanin

why is there a spike in MSH during pregnancy

DNA mutations

what part of the skull houses the pituitary gland

Sella turcica

the 2 lobes of the thyroid gland gland are joined by the

isthmus

calcitonin

decrease blood calcium levels

PTH

increase blood calcium levels

which endocrine gland atrophies as we age?

thymus

which organ functions as both an exocrine and endocrine gland

pancreas

endocrine in pancreas

secrete insulin

exocrine in pancreas

pancreatic enzymes + digestive

alpha cells

glucagon

beta cells

insulin

delta cells

somatostatin

F-cells

pancreatic polypeptide

erythr-

red

leuko-

white

hyper-

too high

hypo-

too low

penia-

too little

osis-

too much

hemostasis-

supply blood flow

chemotaxis-

attraction to specific chemicals

diapedesis-

ability to move out of vessels

function of blood

\-distribute nutrient, O2, and hormone

\-delivers metabolic waste to kidney for excretion

\-transports immunological cells that provide protection against pathogens and toxins

\-stabilizes pH and electrolyte composition

\-its clotting reaction restricts the loss of fluid

\-stabilizes body temp. by absorbing and redistributing heat

plasma proteins

\-albumins

\-globulins

\-fibrogen

\-regulatory proteins

other solutes in plasma

\-electrolytes

\-organic nutrients

\-organic waste

erythrocytes function

transport gases O2, CO2

neutrophils function

phagocytes

monocytes function

largest: phagocytic

basophils function

releases histamines/heparin

lymphocytes function

adaptive/ specific immunity

eosinophils function

parasites, phagocytes

thrombocytes/platelets function

involved in blood clotting

systemic circuit

transport O2

pulmonary circuit

carry CO2 from heart to lungs

myocardium

cardiac muscle

endocardium

makes up the heart valves

layers of the heart

\-parietal layer of serous pericardium

\-visceral layer of serous pericardium/epicardium

\-myocardium

\-endocardium

fibrous pericardium

adheres to diaphragm inferiorly and superiorly to the great vessels of the heart

trabeculae carneae

ventricles

papillary muscles

ventricle; open and closes valves

chordae tendinaea

fibrous; open and closes valves

lub

closing of the AV valves which is the start of ventricular systole

Dub

closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves at the end of ventricular systole

systole

contractions of the heart chamber

diastole

time in which the heart chamber is filled with blood

what makes up the lymphatic system

vessels, lymph, lymphoid tissue, organs, and lymphocytes

what are the components of lymph

interstitial fluid, proteins, lymphocytes, macrophages

what are the functions of this system

\-produce/maintains/distribute lymphocytes

\-maintain blood volume

\-provide alternative routs for hormones, nutrients, and waste

what structures are present in lymph vessels and veins but not arteries?

valves

what is the purpose of valves?

prevent back flow

what are the primary lymphoid tissues?

red bone marrow and thymus

what are the secondary lymphoid tissues?

lymph nodes and spleen

what do lymphocytes respond to?

invading organisms, abnormal body cells, and foreign proteins

what are lymphocytes goal of the response?

target invasive pathogens and produce antibodies

functions of respiratory system

\-gas exchange

\-moving air to and from exchange surfaces

\-protects respiratory surfaces

\-defend from pathogens

\-sound production

\-regulate blood volume; BP, PH

2 zones of respiratory system

conducting and respiratory

conducting zone function

transport, warming, moistens and filtration of air

conduction zone associated structures

nasal cavity → pharynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles

respiratory zone function

gas exchange

respiratory zone associated structures

respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveoli

what type of tissues lines most of the respiratory tract?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

what is the epiglottis?

covers larynx when swallowing to prevent chocking

what type of tissue is the larynx made of?

elastic cartilage

where does gas exchange occur?

alveoli

what are the types of alveoli?

T1, T2

T1 function

structural cells

T2 function

produce surfactant

what are the muscles involved in breathing?

external/internal intercostals, diaphragm, sternocleidomastoid, scalene

Inspiration is considered what kind of process?

active

expiration is considered what kind of process?

passive

pleural cavity is what organ?

lung

what are the contents of the left lung?

\-2 lobes

\-cardiac notch

what are the contents of the right lung?

\-3 lobes

\-primary bronchi

\-larger

lung layers

lung → visceral pleura → pleura fluid → parietal pleura