cognition psychology

memory & intelligence

George Sperling

he flashed grid of nine letters, three rows, an three columns to participants for less than a second. demonstrated entire grid must be held in sensory memory for a split second; iconic memory

selective attention

encode what we are attending to or what is important to us // ex. feeling your feet in your socks when you are aware of it

rehearsing

repeating something for memory. works on short-term memory (repetition) // ex. repeating a phone number to yourself so you won’t forget for 10 seconds

procedural memory

memories of skills and how to perform them. // ex. how to throw a curve ball

alexander luria

studied eidetic memory who repeated list of 70 letters or digits

shallow (maintenance) processing

based on repetition; you can forget quickly and you don’t memorize it as good.

primacy effect

we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list

recency effect

ability to recall items at the end of a list

serial position effect

ability to only recall the beginning and end of a list, not the middle

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

inability to remember information sometimes // ex. “hmm what was her name? she was really sweet with braids…”

semantic network theory

theory that states that our brain might form new memories by connecting their meaning and context with meanings already in memory. our brain is a web of interconnected memories

state-dependent memory

phenomenon of recalling events encoded while in particular states of consciousness // ex. suddenly remembering the drive home of a field trip when you’re about to go sleep (both events you were drowsy)

Elizbeth Loftus

memory researcher that shown that recovered memories may be false recollections of events

constructed (or reconstructed) memory

report false details of a real event or might even be a recollection of an event that never occurred. these memories feel accurate to the person recalling them

recovered memory

individuals claim to suddenly remember events they have repressed for years, usually during the process of therapy. it’s still iffy

long-term potentiation

leads to the neurons strengthening connections between each other

syntax

spoken or written words in a particular order

	4 months expermening w/ diff sounds (phenomens)
	1st year
	18 months commands. have meaning but no syntax

babbling stage	4 months expermening w/ diff sounds (phenomens)
holophrastic stage / one-word stage	1st year
telegraphic speech / two-word stage	18 months commands. have meaning but no syntax

language acquisition device/nativist theory of language acquisition

children have the innate ability to learn language

critical period

window of opportunity during which we must learn a skill or our development will permanently suffer

images

mental pictures we create in our minds of the outside world

algorithm

rule that guarantees the right solution by a fool-proof method

heuristic

rule that is generally (not always) true that we can use to make a judgement in a situation. limits possible solutions dramatically

representativeness heuristic

judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in their mind

belief bias

when we make illogical conclusions in order to confirm our preexisting beliefs // “well all trees have leaves, and grass has leaves, so grass is a tree”

functional fixedness

inability to see new use for an object // ex. whacking a wrench instead of a hammer for a nail

information processing model

three stages that information passes through before it is stored (memory)

rehearsal

repetition of information in an attempt to maintain it longer in memory

intelligence

ability to gather and use information in productive ways

general intelligence

underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

factor analysis

statistical technique that measures correlatiosn between different items

factor analysis

statistical technique that measures correlatiosn between different items

savant syndrome

condition in which a person has limited mental ability but has an exceptional specific skill

grit

passion and perserverence in the pursuit of long-term goals

Daniel Golman

made EQ (emotional intelligence).

intelligence test

measures individual aptitude by comparing others data

Alfred Binet

created mental age to track children’s education for their needs

achievement test

measures what oe has learned or accomplished // ex. school tests

aptitude test

measure ability or potential

speed tests

large # of questions in a short amt of time // ex. AP psych multiple choice

power tests

a test that gauges the difficulty level of problems an individual can solve; inrcreasing difficulty levels // ex. STAAR or MAP

mental age

level of performance typically associated with children of a certain chronological age.

Stanford-Binet

the widely used American revision of Binet’s original IQ test. created by Terman

Lewis Terman

created the measure of IQ and the Stanford-Binet IQ test.

intelligence quotient (IQ) EQUATION

100 * (mental age / actual age)

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

(WAIS)

reliability

it can be repeated and consistent results

split-half reliability

randomly dividing a test in two different sections then correlating people’s performances on the two halves

equivalent-form reliability

correlaiton between performance on the different forms of the test

test-retest reliability

refers to correlation which people get about the same scores when they take the test again

validity

accuracy of a test. is measures what is supposed to measure // ex. a personality test getting me right

content validity

when each item on the test represents the larger body of knowledge about the subject that the test covers

crieterion-related validity

degree to which a test can predictively (in the future) or concurrently (in the present) measure something

face validity

extent to which a test does what it needs to do on the surface.

predictive validity

measure of future performance; doe ta person have the qualities that would be able him or her to become what the test wants them to be?

concurrent validity

how much of a characteristic a person has now

construct validity

most meaningful. degree to which a test or other measurement method measures what it claims to measure.

cohort

a group of people sharing a common characteristic // ex. a given time period people share

crystalized intelligence

knowledge accumulated over time. increased through age

fluid intelligence

ability to solve abstract problems and learn new information. decreased through age

cross-sectional study

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time.

longitudinal study

research that follows and retests the same people over time.

intellectual disability

a condition of limited mental ability. IQ that’s equal to or less than 70 and difficulty to adapt to demands of life

down syndrome

a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

heritability

measure of how much of a triat’s variation is explained by genetic factors. ranges of 0 to 1; 0 being totally environment while 1 being fully genetic

Flnn effect

performance on intelligence tests have increasing steadily throughout the century

intelligence is determined by

environmental factors (intelligence is determined by…)pr

stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

correlation coefficient

measurement of the strength of correlation. ranges from -1 and +1, where -1 is perfect negative correlation and +1 means perfect positive correlation. 0 = no correlation.

Francis Galton

pioneer in the study of human intelligence and testing

standardization

process of making something conform to a specific population. this means that the test has been guided by a similar population of people and that achievement norms have been established

norms

rules about how people should act

standardization sample

the representative population for the actual population of the test

psychometricians

people who study the measures of intelligence among other things

Charles Spearman

argued that intelligence could be expressed by a single factor; g

Howard Gardner

made idea of multiple inteligences

Howard Gardener’s multiple intelligences	meaning
	linguistic, logica-mathemeatic, spatial (able to visualize w/ minds eye)
	ability to play a instrument or make a symphony
	ability to manipulate body and objects
	ability to understand oneself. // ex. introspection, those insane Instagram poems
	ability to get along with people and be sensitive to others // ex. my mom
	ability to recognize & organize natural environment // ex. my mom’s gardening skills

Howard Gardener’s multiple intelligences	meaning
traditional	linguistic, logica-mathemeatic, spatial (able to visualize w/ minds eye)
musical	ability to play a instrument or make a symphony
bodily-kinestthetic	ability to manipulate body and objects
intrapersonal	ability to understand oneself. // ex. introspection, those insane Instagram poems
interpersonal	ability to get along with people and be sensitive to others // ex. my mom
naturalist	ability to recognize & organize natural environment // ex. my mom’s gardening skills

theory	summary
spearman’s general intelligence
	intelligence is broken down into 7 distinct factors. still an underlying g factor
garderner’s multiple intellligences
sternburg’s triarchic theory
	social intelligence is an important indicator of life success

theory	summary
spearman’s general intelligence	basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas
thurstone’s primary mental abilities	intelligence is broken down into 7 distinct factors. still an underlying g factor
garderner’s multiple intellligences	abilities are classified into independent intelligences, beyond traditional academic ones
sternburg’s triarchic theory	intelligence is best classifed in 3 areas for world-success: analytical, creative, and pratical.
goleman’s emotional intelligence	social intelligence is an important indicator of life success

Sternburg’s triarchic theory

3 types of intelligence; analytic, creative, and pratical.

Robert Sternburg

made triarchic theory. he states that intelligence depends on the context of the situation

David Wechsler

created well-known tests like WAIS, WISC, etc. and uses *deviation IQ* and subscales

deviation IQ

like standard deviation from the mean of 100. compares score to the mean.

memory

the persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrival of informaiton

recall

retrieve informaiton that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time // ex. fill in the blank test

recognition

measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned. // ex. multiple choice test

relearning

learning something more quickly when learning it again. // ex. when studying ofr a final exam, engaging in a language from early childhood

hermann ebbinhaus

pioneer memory researcher. did study on himself with recalling syllables

students should use ___ for effective studing

recall

encoding

process of getting informaiton to memory system

storage

retreiving encded message overtime

retrival

process of getting informaiton out of mmeory storage

parallel processin

processing many as[pects of a problem simultaneously

richard atkinson & richard shiffrin

propsed 3-step model of memory forming

connectionism

information processing model that states that memory is the product of the interconnections of neural networks.

3 step model

1. sensory memory

2. short-term memory (now added working memory)

3. long-term memory

sensory memory

immediate very brief, sensory informaiton in memory system

short term memory

activated memory that holds items briefly. // ex. digits on a phone # while calling.

working mmeory

newer understanding of short term memory that adds conscious active processing of incoming auditory/visual information and information retrieval from long term memory. // ex. when you are studying for ap psych you talk and see terms and exmaples

long term memory

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the mememory system. includes knowledge, skills and experiences.