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memory & intelligence
George Sperling
he flashed grid of nine letters, three rows, an three columns to participants for less than a second. demonstrated entire grid must be held in sensory memory for a split second; iconic memory
selective attention
encode what we are attending to or what is important to us // ex. feeling your feet in your socks when you are aware of it
rehearsing
repeating something for memory. works on short-term memory (repetition) // ex. repeating a phone number to yourself so you won’t forget for 10 seconds
procedural memory
memories of skills and how to perform them. // ex. how to throw a curve ball
alexander luria
studied eidetic memory who repeated list of 70 letters or digits
shallow (maintenance) processing
based on repetition; you can forget quickly and you don’t memorize it as good.
primacy effect
we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list
recency effect
ability to recall items at the end of a list
serial position effect
ability to only recall the beginning and end of a list, not the middle
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
inability to remember information sometimes // ex. “hmm what was her name? she was really sweet with braids…”
semantic network theory
theory that states that our brain might form new memories by connecting their meaning and context with meanings already in memory. our brain is a web of interconnected memories
state-dependent memory
phenomenon of recalling events encoded while in particular states of consciousness // ex. suddenly remembering the drive home of a field trip when you’re about to go sleep (both events you were drowsy)
Elizbeth Loftus
memory researcher that shown that recovered memories may be false recollections of events
constructed (or reconstructed) memory
report false details of a real event or might even be a recollection of an event that never occurred. these memories feel accurate to the person recalling them
recovered memory
individuals claim to suddenly remember events they have repressed for years, usually during the process of therapy. it’s still iffy
long-term potentiation
leads to the neurons strengthening connections between each other
syntax
spoken or written words in a particular order
4 months | |
1st year | |
18 months |
babbling stage | 4 months |
holophrastic stage / one-word stage | 1st year |
telegraphic speech / two-word stage | 18 months |
language acquisition device/nativist theory of language acquisition
children have the innate ability to learn language
critical period
window of opportunity during which we must learn a skill or our development will permanently suffer
images
mental pictures we create in our minds of the outside world
algorithm
rule that guarantees the right solution by a fool-proof method
heuristic
rule that is generally (not always) true that we can use to make a judgement in a situation. limits possible solutions dramatically
representativeness heuristic
judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in their mind
belief bias
when we make illogical conclusions in order to confirm our preexisting beliefs // “well all trees have leaves, and grass has leaves, so grass is a tree”
functional fixedness
inability to see new use for an object // ex. whacking a wrench instead of a hammer for a nail
information processing model
three stages that information passes through before it is stored (memory)
rehearsal
repetition of information in an attempt to maintain it longer in memory
intelligence
ability to gather and use information in productive ways
general intelligence
underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
factor analysis
statistical technique that measures correlatiosn between different items
factor analysis
statistical technique that measures correlatiosn between different items
savant syndrome
condition in which a person has limited mental ability but has an exceptional specific skill
grit
passion and perserverence in the pursuit of long-term goals
Daniel Golman
made EQ (emotional intelligence).
intelligence test
measures individual aptitude by comparing others data
Alfred Binet
created mental age to track children’s education for their needs
achievement test
measures what oe has learned or accomplished // ex. school tests
aptitude test
measure ability or potential
speed tests
large # of questions in a short amt of time // ex. AP psych multiple choice
power tests
a test that gauges the difficulty level of problems an individual can solve; inrcreasing difficulty levels // ex. STAAR or MAP
mental age
level of performance typically associated with children of a certain chronological age.
Stanford-Binet
the widely used American revision of Binet’s original IQ test. created by Terman
Lewis Terman
created the measure of IQ and the Stanford-Binet IQ test.
intelligence quotient (IQ) EQUATION
100 * (mental age / actual age)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
(WAIS)
reliability
it can be repeated and consistent results
split-half reliability
randomly dividing a test in two different sections then correlating people’s performances on the two halves
equivalent-form reliability
correlaiton between performance on the different forms of the test
test-retest reliability
refers to correlation which people get about the same scores when they take the test again
validity
accuracy of a test. is measures what is supposed to measure // ex. a personality test getting me right
content validity
when each item on the test represents the larger body of knowledge about the subject that the test covers
crieterion-related validity
degree to which a test can predictively (in the future) or concurrently (in the present) measure something
face validity
extent to which a test does what it needs to do on the surface.
predictive validity
measure of future performance; doe ta person have the qualities that would be able him or her to become what the test wants them to be?
concurrent validity
how much of a characteristic a person has now
construct validity
most meaningful. degree to which a test or other measurement method measures what it claims to measure.
cohort
a group of people sharing a common characteristic // ex. a given time period people share
crystalized intelligence
knowledge accumulated over time. increased through age
fluid intelligence
ability to solve abstract problems and learn new information. decreased through age
cross-sectional study
research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time.
longitudinal study
research that follows and retests the same people over time.
intellectual disability
a condition of limited mental ability. IQ that’s equal to or less than 70 and difficulty to adapt to demands of life
down syndrome
a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
heritability
measure of how much of a triat’s variation is explained by genetic factors. ranges of 0 to 1; 0 being totally environment while 1 being fully genetic
Flnn effect
performance on intelligence tests have increasing steadily throughout the century
intelligence is determined by
environmental factors (intelligence is determined by…)pr
stereotype threat
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
correlation coefficient
measurement of the strength of correlation. ranges from -1 and +1, where -1 is perfect negative correlation and +1 means perfect positive correlation. 0 = no correlation.
Francis Galton
pioneer in the study of human intelligence and testing
standardization
process of making something conform to a specific population. this means that the test has been guided by a similar population of people and that achievement norms have been established
norms
rules about how people should act
standardization sample
the representative population for the actual population of the test
psychometricians
people who study the measures of intelligence among other things
Charles Spearman
argued that intelligence could be expressed by a single factor; g
Howard Gardner
made idea of multiple inteligences
Howard Gardener’s multiple intelligences | meaning |
linguistic, logica-mathemeatic, spatial (able to visualize w/ minds eye) | |
ability to play a instrument or make a symphony | |
ability to manipulate body and objects | |
ability to understand oneself. // ex. introspection, those insane Instagram poems | |
ability to get along with people and be sensitive to others // ex. my mom | |
ability to recognize & organize natural environment // ex. my mom’s gardening skills |
Howard Gardener’s multiple intelligences | meaning |
traditional | linguistic, logica-mathemeatic, spatial (able to visualize w/ minds eye) |
musical | ability to play a instrument or make a symphony |
bodily-kinestthetic | ability to manipulate body and objects |
intrapersonal | ability to understand oneself. // ex. introspection, those insane Instagram poems |
interpersonal | ability to get along with people and be sensitive to others // ex. my mom |
naturalist | ability to recognize & organize natural environment // ex. my mom’s gardening skills |
theory | summary |
spearman’s general intelligence | |
intelligence is broken down into 7 distinct factors. still an underlying g factor | |
garderner’s multiple intellligences | |
sternburg’s triarchic theory | |
social intelligence is an important indicator of life success |
theory | summary |
spearman’s general intelligence | basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas |
thurstone’s primary mental abilities | intelligence is broken down into 7 distinct factors. still an underlying g factor |
garderner’s multiple intellligences | abilities are classified into independent intelligences, beyond traditional academic ones |
sternburg’s triarchic theory | intelligence is best classifed in 3 areas for world-success: analytical, creative, and pratical. |
goleman’s emotional intelligence | social intelligence is an important indicator of life success |
Sternburg’s triarchic theory
3 types of intelligence; analytic, creative, and pratical.
Robert Sternburg
made triarchic theory. he states that intelligence depends on the context of the situation
David Wechsler
created well-known tests like WAIS, WISC, etc. and uses deviation IQ and subscales
deviation IQ
like standard deviation from the mean of 100. compares score to the mean.
memory
the persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrival of informaiton
recall
retrieve informaiton that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time // ex. fill in the blank test
recognition
measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned. // ex. multiple choice test
relearning
learning something more quickly when learning it again. // ex. when studying ofr a final exam, engaging in a language from early childhood
hermann ebbinhaus
pioneer memory researcher. did study on himself with recalling syllables
students should use ___ for effective studing
recall
encoding
process of getting informaiton to memory system
storage
retreiving encded message overtime
retrival
process of getting informaiton out of mmeory storage
parallel processin
processing many as[pects of a problem simultaneously
richard atkinson & richard shiffrin
propsed 3-step model of memory forming
connectionism
information processing model that states that memory is the product of the interconnections of neural networks.
3 step model
1. sensory memory
2. short-term memory (now added working memory)
3. long-term memory
sensory memory
immediate very brief, sensory informaiton in memory system
short term memory
activated memory that holds items briefly. // ex. digits on a phone # while calling.
working mmeory
newer understanding of short term memory that adds conscious active processing of incoming auditory/visual information and information retrieval from long term memory. // ex. when you are studying for ap psych you talk and see terms and exmaples
long term memory
relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the mememory system. includes knowledge, skills and experiences.
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