Chapter 2 (?) Tissues and Primary Growth of Stems

stems

support leaves and branches

stems

transport water and solutes between roots and leaves

photosynthetic

stems in some plants are ___

node

area of stem where leaf is born

internodes

stem area between nodes

buds

stem elongation. embryonic tissue of leaves and stem

terminal bud

located at the tip of stems or branches

axillary bud

gives rise to branches

apical dominance

prevention of branch formation by terminal bud

xylem, phloem, cambium

parts of the stem

xylem

water and minerals travel up to the other plant parts

phloem

manufactured food travels down to the other plant parts

cambium

separates xylem and phloem

alternate, opposite, whorled

three arrangement of leaves

stolons, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs

modified shoots

stolons

such as runners of strawberry plants, grow on the surface and enable a plant to colonize large areas asexually when a parent plant fragments into many smaller offspring

rhizomes

like those of ginger, are horizontal stems that grow underground

tubers

including potatoes, are the swollen ends of rhizomes specialized for food storage

bulbs

such as onions, are vertical, underground shoots consisting mostly of the swollen bases of leaves that store food

pith

ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue

cortex

ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

parenchyma

thin primary cell wall present, large central vacuole

collenchyma

thicker primary cell walls, no secondary cell wall present

sclerenchyma

have secondary cell walls, often dead

xylem vessel

at maturity the end walls of these cells dissolve away and the cytoplasmic contents die. the result is the _______, a continuous nonliving duct.

sieve tubes, companion cells

main components of phloem

sieve tubes

have no nucleus and only a sparse collection of the other organelles

companion cell

(phloem) provides energy

pores

____ in sieve plate between sieve tube elements are open channels for transport

companion cells

role in transport of photosynthesis products from producing cells in mature leaves to sieve plates of the small vein of the leaf

companion cells

contain many, many mitochondria for cellular respiration to provide the cellular energy required for active transport

ordinary companion cells, transfer cells, intermediary cells

three types of companion cells

monocot

1 cotyledon, 3 floral parts, parallel veins, 1 pore in pollen, stem vascular bundles dispersed, fibrous root system

dicot

2 cotyledons, 4-5 floral parts, netlike veins, 3 pores in pollen, stem vascular bundles in ring, taproot

meristem

vegetative development is based on _____, in which cell division occurs throughout life, producing cells that go on to differentiate

meristem

when ____ is converted from vegetative to reproductive development, regulatory transcription factors are activated that control the identity and position of floral organs

meristem cells, differentiated cells

growth patterns in plant

proplastids

in meristems, cytoplasm does not contain chloroplasts although they are present in rudimentary form called _______

vascular cambium, cork cambium

two lateral meristems

secondary xylem

moves H2O, inward

secondary phloem

moves sugars, outward

vascular cambium

a cylinder of unspecialized meristematic cells that divide to give rise to cells that divide to cells that further divide, differentiate and specialize to form the secondary vascular tissues

procambium

vascular cambium is made from ____, that remains undifferentiated between the primary xylem and primary phloem

fascicular cambium

upon maturity, this region is known as the ___ and the area of cells between the vascular bundles called pith rays becomes what is called the interfascicular cambium.

true

“the fascicular and inter-fascicular cambiums, therefore, represent a continuous ring which bisects the primary xylem and primary phloem.” true or false?

fusiform initials, ray initials

the vascular cambium usually consists of two types of cell

fusiform initials

tall cells, axillary oriented

ray initials

almost isodiometric cells, smaller and round to angular in shape