Cerebral Cortex

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

Brainstem

Cerebellum

4 major regions of the brain

Midline Longitudinal Fissure

The Cerebrum is divided into two halves by the?

Frontal

Occipital

Parietal

Temporal

Insular

Five Functional Areas

Gyri

Outer surface of an adult brain exhibits folds called

Sulci

shallow depressions between gyruses are called

Fissure

If the depression is deep it is called a

Olfactory

Optic

Oculomotor

Trochlear

Trigeminal

Abducens

Facial

Vestibulocochlear

Glossopharyngeal

Vagus

Accessory

Hypoglossal

12 pairs of cranial nerves

Superolateral surface

Inferior surface

Medial surface

Surfaces of Cerebral Hemisphere

Frontal Lobe

anterior to central sulcus of rolando / rolandic fissure and superior to lateral sulcus

Precentral gyrus

from where your primary motor area is located

Superior and inferior frontal sulci

divides your frontal lobe into superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri

Temporal Lobe

inferior to lateral sulcus

Superior temporal sulcus

Middle temporal sulcus

Superior gyri

Middle gyri

Inferior gyri

What are the two Sulci that divides into three gyri

What is the gyri

(temporal lobe)

Occipital Lobe

small area behind the parieto-occipital sulcus

Parietal lobe

Posterior to central sulcus of rolando

superior to lateral sulcus, extends up to the parieto-occipital sulcus

Post-central gyrus

primary sensory area of your body

Intraparietal sulcus

Superior and inferior parietal lobule is divided by the

Corpus Callosum

the Largest commissure of the brain

joins together the two brains

(Medial and inferior surface)

Split Brain

Damage of corpus callosum

Callosal sulcus

Separates the corpus callus from the cingulate gyrus

(Medial and inferior surface)

Cingulate Gyrus

part of limbic system

(Medial and inferior surface)

Cingulate Sulcus

separates the cingulate gyrus and the superior frontal gyrus

(Medial and inferior surface)

Paracentral lobule

in the medial portion

area of the cortex found in the medial border that surrounds the indentation of the central sulcus

(Medial and inferior surface)

Precuneus

located in parietal area, triangle-like form

has borders (anteriorly: cingulate sulcus; posteriorly: parieto-occipital sulcus)

(Medial and inferior surface)

Cuneus

can be seen in your occipital lobe

(Medial and inferior surface)

Lingual gyrus

separated from cuneus by your calcarine sulcus

posterior end of your parahippocampal gyrus

anterior end is the Uncus

(Medial and inferior surface)

Orbital Gyrus

Frontal Area

(Inferior Portion)

Gyrus Rectus

First fold from the midline (medial longitudinal fissure)

(Inferior Portion)

Olfactory Sulcus

Next to gyrus rectus

(Inferior Portion)

Medial Orbital Gyrus

Next to olfactory Gyrus

Medial Portion of the Orbital Gyrus

(Inferior Portion)

Anterior Orbital Gyrus

Anterior portion of the orbital gyrus

(Inferior Portion)

Orbital Sulcus

Seperates the anterior orbital gyrus and posterior orbital gyrus

(Inferior Portion)

Lateral Orbital Gyrus

Lateral to both anterior orbital gyrus and posterior orbital gyrus

(Inferior Portion)

Olfactory bulb and olfactory tract

Can be seen in the olfactory sulcus

Optic Nerve

Olfactory Nerve

2 Cranial nerves that arose from cerebral cortex

Medial Longitudinal Fissures

separates the brain into left and right portion

Central Sulcus of Rolando

separates the brain from the frontal lobe to the parietal lobe

precentral gyrus (anterior portion)

postcentral gyrus (posterior portion)

Parieto-Occipital fissure

separates the parietal lobe and occipital lobe

Insula

inside (or deep to) temporal lobe

Transverse Fissure

separates the occipital lobe and cerebellum

Membranous Coverings

Provides additional protection and support to the brain

framework for the cerebral and cranial vasculature

for blood supply of the brain

AKA meninges

Dura Mater

outermost layer

aka pachymeninx

main function is for protection

Subdural hematoma or subdural hemorrhage

bleeding under the dura mater caused by trauma

Subdural Space

the space below of dura mater is called

Epidural Space

space above the dura mater, before skull is called

Arachnoid Mater

AKA leptomeninges

main function is to regulate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Leptomeninges

collective term of arachnoid mater and pia mater

Arachnoid Villi

responsible for draining CSF all throughout the brain and the spinal cord

Subarachnoid space

space between arachnoid mater and pia mater

Pia Mater

Innermost layer

main function is to give nutrition to the brain

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges of the brain

Pachymeningitis

inflammation of the pachymeninx

Leptomeningitis

inflammation of the leptomeninges

Gray Matter

consists mainly of motor neurons

interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals

unmyelinated axons

White Matter

composed primarily of myelinated axons

○ myelin sheath (white)

Migrating peripheral neurons

an outer, superficial region of gray matter forms from

Cortex

External sheets of gray matter

cover the surface of most of the adult brain.

Gray Matter

outer portion of the cerebrum and the cerebellum is

White Matter

inner portion of the cerebrum and the cerebellum is

White Matter

lies deep to the gray matter of the cortex

Ventricular System

hollow closed spaces where CSF flows

Third Ventricle

found at the level of the Thalamus, communicates to the lateral ventricle via interventricular foramen or Foramen of Monro

Fourth Ventricle

found at the level of brainstem and cerebellum

Body

Anterior Horn

Posterior Horn

Inferior Horn

Parts of the Lateral Ventricle

Cerebellum

Brain Stem

Outer - Gray Matter

Inner - White Matter

Same With Brain Stem

Medulla Oblongata

Outer - White Matter

Inner - Gray Matter

Down to the level of Spinal Cord

Cerebrum

Accounts for 83% of brainmass

Transverse Fissures

separates the cerebrum and cerebellum

Median Longitudinal Surfaces

separates cerebral hemispheres

Sulci

grooves on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres

Gyri

twisted ridges between sulci

Frontal lobe

Parietal lobe

Central sulcus separates

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Separates the occipital from the parietal lobe

Lateral Sulcus

Separates temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobe

Molecular

Outer Granular

Outer Pyramidal

Inner Granular

Inner Pyramidal

Multiform

Layers of the Cerebral Cortex

Inner Granular

Contains afferent projections to the brain

Inner Pyramidal

contains projections coming from the brainstem and spinal cord (ascending tracts)

Multiform

contains projections tracts coming from the thalamus (ascending tracts)

similar to the granular layer carriers afferent information

Cerebral Cortex

Approximately 40% of brain’s mass

Brodmann Areas

Functional areas of the gray matter in the cerebral cortex

Primary Areas

regions directly related to a specific function

Secondary Areas

3 lies adjectives to the primary area; concern with a higher level of organization and integration; associate one area to another

Association Fibers

Commissural FIbers

Projection Fibers

Fibers in the Cerebral Medulla

Association Fibers

same fibers coming from the same hemisphere

same fibers that connects the hemisphere

Arcuate fasciculus

connects the broca and vernix or the Brodmann's area

Corpus Callosum

connects the right hemisphere to the left hemisphere

Projection Fibers

long fibers

ascending and descending tracts

Corona radiata

crown shaped nerve fibers that goes to and from inner capsule, goes to other parts of the brain such as thalamus, basal ganglia

Left Dominant Hemisphere

go in verbal communication, calculation, abstract thinking, interpretation of speech

if damaged the pt. can have aphasia (language disorder, no fluency, cannot talk properly)

90% of the cases most people are left dominant hemisphere

Right Dominant Hemisphere

nonverbal function, drawing, music interpretation

if damaged the pt. can have perceptual deficits such as hemineglect. For example, a stroke pt., the pt. neglect the affected side of the brain (dahil hindi ginagamit) that can cause anosognosia

Motor Areas

Sensory Areas

Association Areas

3 Kinds of Functional Areas

Motor Areas

Controls motor functions

* Primary motor cortex (somatic motor area)
* located in precentral gyrus (Brodmann area 4)

Pyramidal Cells

large neurons of primary motor cortex

Homunculus

graphical representation of the body in the gyrus

Sensory Homunculus

Found in post-central gyrus (primary sensory area)

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

found in post-central gyrus; in connection with sensation

Sensory Areas

Cortical areas involved in conscious awareness of sensation

Located in parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

Involved in sense organs (ex. sensation, vision, hearing)

Area 4

Motor Area

Precentral Gyrus

Contralateral voluntray motor Activity

Contralateral falccid paralysis and areflexia

Area 6

Premotor Area

Superior Frontal Gyrus

Activates movement in response to sensory stimuli

Contralateral Spasticity

Area 8

Frontal eye field

Frontal lobe

Voluntary movement of the eye independent of visual stimuli

Eye deviation towards the lesion and away the affected side