All about enzyme treatment

What enzymes can be used to alter/modify antigens?

Ficin, papain, trypsin, bromelin

Ficin, papain, trypsin, bromelin are what kind of enzymes?

proteolytic enzymes

How does Ficin work?

by removing sialic acid residue, cleaves proteins (mainly glycophorins)

What antigens are destroyed with Ficin treatment?

Glycophorin A: M, N; Fya, Fyb (S, s is variable)

What antigens are enhanced with Ficin treatment?

ABO, Rh, Kidd, Lewis, P, P1, I, H

What antigens remain unchanged with Ficin treatment?

Kell Glycoproteins

What can be used to destroy Kell system antigens?

DTT, 2ME, AET

DTT, 2ME, AET are what kind of reagents?

sulfhydryl reagents that break disulfide bonds

If treated in serum, what reagent can inactivate antibodies?

DTT and 2ME

How does DTT, 2ME work when treated with serum?

cleaves the inter-chain disulfide bonds in IgM (and breaks them up therefore will no longer react with panel red cells)

DTT and 2ME can help identify IgG by eliminating what?

IgM

ZZP contained what two enzymes?

proteolytic enzyme (papain) + DTT

ZZP destroys what antigens?

Kell system, M, N, Fya, Fyb (variable with S, s) [NOT Kx]

RBC treatment can be dissociate what from RBCs w/o damaging cell membrane

IgG antibodies; this allows for phenotyping RBC with a positive DAT

What are two RBC treatments that can be used?

chloroquine diphosphate and EGA (EDTA glycine acid)

Chloroquine Diphosphate can weaken what antigens?

Rh antigens

EGA can weaken what antigens?

Kell system antigens