history midyear

**Major Beliefs of Hinduism**

• polytheistic

• reincarnation

• karma

• world’s oldest religion (asia)

**Major Beliefs of Buddhism**

• ancient religion w no holy book

• goal is to be enlightened

• four noble truths

• polytheistic

**Major Beliefs of Judaism**

• Oldest monotheistic religion

• Guided by the Ten Commandments

• Founded by Abraham

• Monotheistic (god)

**Major Beliefs of Christianity**

• Holy Bible

• Spread of Christianity through the roman empire

• Followers of Jesus

• Monotheistic (god)

**Major Beliefs of Islam**

• prophet Mohammed

• Quran

• Five Pillars of Islam (central beliefs)

• Monotheistic (Allah)

**Major Beliefs of Daoism**

• Living in harmony with nature

• Ying and yang

• Ancient traditions of philosophy and religious belief

• The Tao, “the way” (everything is unified and connected to the Tao)

• Originates 2000 years ago in China

**Major Beliefs of Confucianism**

• Founded by Confucius

• More of a philosophy than religion combined with other religions

• Golden Rule

• 5 basic relationships = orderly society

• Teachings collected in the Analects

**Polytheism**

• Belief in many gods

• Hinduism

• Buddhism

**Monotheism**

• Belief in only one god

• Judaism (oldest)

• Christianity

• Islam

**Mandate of Heaven**

• If there's an evil ruler, the god(s) will send a sign

• The sign is often a storm, drought, or famine

• This means the emperor/ruler has to step down

• God permitted rulers to rule

• China dynasties

**Civil Service Exam**

• Originated in China

• A test to ensure the capabilities of government workers

• Have to pass to work in government

• Gets rid of getting government positions through family/ties

**Cultural Exchange**

• Concept of ideas (religions, inventions) spreading

• Spread due to trade

• Happens throughout history

• ex// Buddhism spreading to Japan from China

**Samurai**

• A loyal warrior who acted as a bodyguard for lords

• Feudal Japan

• Dying an honorable death > living a long life

• Land for service (land from lords)

**Bushido**

• Demanding code f behavior for samurais

• Show courage

• Reverence for gods

• Fairness

• Generosity towards the weaker

**Shogunate**

• State in Japan ruled by a Shogun

• Shoguns were supreme generals of the emperor’s army

• They often ruled through puppet emperors (figureheads)

• They were highest in the feudal system

**Division of the Mongol Empire**

• Empire was broken up into khanates

• Broken up by Gengis Khan’s grandkids

• Most famous - Kublai Khan (ruled Yuan dynasty)

• Kamikaze (failed to overtake japan bc of storm and island)

**Products of Trans-Saharan Trade Network**

• Across the Sahara desert

• Gold and salt

• Gold traded north

• Camels

**Trans-Arabian Trade Network**

• Silk Road coming from China

• East to West

• Disease

• Middle East became the intersection of world trade

**Accomplishments of Mansa Musa**

• Religion (Islam)

• Journey to Mecca (haj)

• Grew empire to twice the size of Ghana (governors ruled provinces)

• Royal control over gold-salt trade

**Maya**

• Lived in city-states

• Practiced human sacrifice

• Had a written language (glyphs, wrote in codex {book})

• Had calendars which had gods of the day (religion was basis of their life)

**Incas**

• Largest

• Practiced human sacrifice

• Did not have a written language

• Knots and ties (quipo) for communication/records

**Aztecs**

• Sun god

• Built capital city around body of water

• Practiced human sacrifice

• Were originally nomadic

**Middle Ages**

• 500 to 1500 (european)

• Between the Roman empire falling and the renaissance beginning

• Church was very powerful

• Franks, Charlemagne, holy roman empire

**Cause of Feudalism**

• Invasions (Muslims, nagars, Vikings)

• Protection for service

• Gauarentee safety

**Effects of the Crusades**

• Holy war, going off to retake the holy land (middle east)

• Crusaders - kights

• Decreased the power of the church

**Effects of the Great Schism**

• During the middle ages

• Split in the church

• Two popes

• Decrease in the power of the church

**Effects of the Bubonic plague**

• Came from the mongols

• Killed about half of the european population

• Decreased the power of the chruch

**Humanism**

• Beginning of the renaissance

• Study of philosophy/history / individual achievement

• Humanism is the intellectual movement focused on human achievements

• Reflected through realistic pieces in art

**Renaissance Man**

• Man who excels in many fields (well-rounded)

• Classics, art, politics, combat

• The Courtier teaches how to become a “universal” person

• Leonardo da Vinci: ultimate renaissance man

**Renaissance Woman**

• Upper-class and charming, vocal, confidence

• Educated in classics

• Expected to inspire art but not create it

• Isabella d’Este, patron of artists, wields power in Mantua

**The Printing Press**

• Allowed books and pamphlets to be made faster and cheaper

• Spread the revolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Reformation

• The Gutenberg Bible - first book to be printed on the printing press

• Led to increase in education

• Johann Gutenberg - 1400s

**Martin Luther**

• Began a movement to reform practices in the Chruch that be believed were wrong

• German monk

• Protest the corruption of the church (indulgences)

• Never recants and sticks by his word

• Makes own relgion (protestant / lutherans)

**Luther’s 95 Point Thesis**

• His 95 problems with the church

• Printed w the printing press

• Spread like crazy around europe

**Galileo Galilei**

• Scientific revolution

• Telescope (used telescope / improved it)(Kepler is the inventor)

• Proved the helicentric theory

• Recants and went to jail but took back what he said

**The Anglican Church**

• Official church of England

• Leader is the french monarch

• Did it to divorce his wife

• Segment of prodestant faith

**The Trans-Atlantic Trade Network** 

• Experation across the atlantic

• The goal is to spread god, glory, goods, gold

• Taking proffets across the atlantic

• Columbus, Cortez

**Motivating Factors for the Age of Exploration**

• Gold

• Glory

• Goods

• Spread god

• Greed

**Laws of Nature**

• Laws of science

• Gravity

• Concept of are laws of nature diff for each person (answer - always the same)

• Enlightenment ideas

**Johannes Kelper**

• He used telescope to prove Earth’s orbit was an elliptical instead of a circle

• Proved Copernicus’ basic ideas were true

**Rene Descartes**

• “I think, therefore I am” (dont trust anyone, question everything)

• Developed analytical geometry (algerba + geometry linked, new tool for scientific research)

• Believed everything should be doubted until proven

• Relied on mathematics and logic

**Francis Bacon**

• Urged scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions

• Attacked medieval scholars for relying on the conclusions of ancient thinkers

• Believed that a better understanding of the world would generate practical knowledge that would improve people’s lives

• Empiricism (experimental method)

**Thomas Hobbes**

• Believed that humans were naturally selfish and wicked

• Thought that people should hand over their rights to a strong government

• Social contract

• Wanted an absolute monarchy/ruler

**John Locke**

• Believed people could learn from experience and improve themselves

• All people are born free and equal

• Natural rights (if government fails to protect them, overthrow the government)

• Democracy

**Natural Rights**

• Life

• Liberty

• Property

• The purpose of government is to protect these rights

**Baron de Montesquieu**

• separation of powers

• “Power should be a check to power”

• On the Spirit of Laws, his famous book

• Believed britian was the best governed of his time (republic)

**The Estates General**

• French revolution

• The meeting place of the early french revolution

• Third estate - bottom, carrying the load (money) <- issue

• Wanted to tax second estate

**Causes of the French Revolution**

• Enlightenment ideas

• American revolution inspired

• Poor leadership

• Economic issues

**The Jacobins**

• Radical revolutionary club

• Home of robespierre and c.o.p.s

• Caused reign of terror

**Objectives of the Moderate Phase of the French Revolution**

• Not extreme

• Originally wanted to create a constitutional monarch

• Shifted to radical

• Started moderate (french rev)

**Objectives of the Radical Phase of the French Revolution**

• Leads to no king

• French republic

• Kill the king

**The Reign of Terror**

• 40,000 french died (mostly peasants)

• After king was executed

• No one is safe from guiotene

• robespierre

**The Role of Horses in the Mongol Empire**

• Main form of transportation

• Companion

• 1 horse + 3 others per mongol

• The reason theyre such great warriors

• Mongols are nomads

• Live on asian steppe (flat plain) (sutable for horse

• Pastoralist - herd domesticated animals

• Key component to military success (speed)

• Allows them to travel 120 miles a day

• Greatest soldiers in the world bc of horses

**Feudalism - Causes, Classes, Benefits, and Obligations**

• Begins during middle ages, after charlemagne (900)

• Arose for protection from vikings, muslims, and magyars

• Invasions sparked the need for protection

• People were born into peasants

• 90% were peasants (europe)

• Social classes had obligations

• King, land goes down

• Peasants, service goes up

• Peasants - stability and protection (benefits)

• Lords / knights - great social status and wealth

• King - army

• Land for service

**Thomas Hobbes and John Locke’s views on Human Nature**

• Both agree on social contract (deal with government)

• Locke: positive view on human nature, we consent for leadership

• Governement protects/provides for us and we give money/follow laws

• Democracy

• Hobbes: negative view on human nature, life would be terrible if we did what locke says

• dictator/king (all powerful)

• Government gives strong stable protection if people give up all their rights to the government

**The connection between the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment**

• Came after middle ages (1500s)

• Rev kicks it off -> human achievements, knowledge, greek/roman, improve life

• Sc rev comes along that continues the concept of human achievements -> question everything, data, observe, church is wrong (galileo - solar system)

• Enlightenment comes w the church being wrong (if the church is wrong, is the king wrong?) -> reason, logic to solve problems, world can be improved

• Challenge feudalism, kings -> democracy

**The Causes of the French Revolution**

• Enlightenment ideas

• American revolution - 1776

• Circumstantial things - poor leadership

• Economic crisis - bankrupt / chaos