history midyear

**Major Beliefs of Hinduism**

* polytheistic
* reincarnation
* karma
* world’s oldest religion (asia)

**Major Beliefs of Buddhism**

* ancient religion w no holy book
* goal is to be enlightened
* four noble truths
* polytheistic

**Major Beliefs of Judaism**

* Oldest monotheistic religion
* Guided by the Ten Commandments
* Founded by Abraham 
* Monotheistic (god)

**Major Beliefs of Christianity**

* Holy Bible
* Spread of Christianity through the roman empire
* Followers of Jesus
* Monotheistic (god)

**Major Beliefs of Islam**

* prophet Mohammed 
* Quran
* Five Pillars of Islam (central beliefs)
* Monotheistic (Allah)

**Major Beliefs of Daoism**

* Living in harmony with nature
* Ying and yang
* Ancient traditions of philosophy and religious belief
* The Tao, “the way” (everything is unified and connected to the Tao)
* Originates 2000 years ago in China

**Major Beliefs of Confucianism**

* Founded by Confucius
* More of a philosophy than religion combined with other religions
* Golden Rule
* 5 basic relationships = orderly society
* Teachings collected in the *Analects*

**Polytheism**

* Belief in many gods
* Hinduism
* Buddhism

**Monotheism**

* Belief in only one god
* Judaism (oldest)
* Christianity
* Islam

**Mandate of Heaven**

* If there's an evil ruler, the god(s) will send a sign
* The sign is often a storm, drought, or famine
* This means the emperor/ruler has to step down
* God permitted rulers to rule
* China dynasties

**Civil Service Exam**

* Originated in China
* A test to ensure the capabilities of government workers
* Have to pass to work in government
* Gets rid of getting government positions through family/ties

**Cultural Exchange**

* Concept of ideas (religions, inventions) spreading
* Spread due to trade
* Happens throughout history
* ex// Buddhism spreading to Japan from China

**Samurai**

* A loyal warrior who acted as a bodyguard for lords
* Feudal Japan
* Dying an honorable death > living a long life
* Land for service (land from lords)

**Bushido**

* Demanding code f behavior for samurais
* Show courage
* Reverence for gods
* Fairness
* Generosity towards the weaker

**Shogunate**

* State in Japan ruled by a Shogun
* Shoguns were supreme generals of the emperor’s army
* They often ruled through puppet emperors (figureheads)
* They were highest in the feudal system

**Division of the Mongol Empire**

* Empire was broken up into khanates
* Broken up by Gengis Khan’s grandkids
* Most famous - Kublai Khan (ruled Yuan dynasty)
* Kamikaze (failed to overtake japan bc of storm and island)

**Products of Trans-Saharan Trade Network**

* Across the Sahara desert
* Gold and salt
* Gold traded north
* Camels

**Trans-Arabian Trade Network**

* Silk Road coming from China
* East to West
* Disease
* Middle East became the intersection of world trade

**Accomplishments of Mansa Musa**

* Religion (Islam)
* Journey to Mecca (haj)
* Grew empire to twice the size of Ghana (governors ruled provinces)
* Royal control over gold-salt trade

**Maya**

* Lived in city-states
* Practiced human sacrifice 
* Had a written language (glyphs, wrote in codex {book})
* Had calendars which had gods of the day (religion was basis of their life)

**Incas**

* Largest 
* Practiced human sacrifice
* Did not have a written language
* Knots and ties (quipo) for communication/records

**Aztecs**

* Sun god
* Built capital city around body of water
* Practiced human sacrifice
* Were originally nomadic

**Middle Ages**

* 500 to 1500 (european)
* Between the Roman empire falling and the renaissance beginning
* Church was very powerful
* Franks, Charlemagne, holy roman empire

**Cause of Feudalism**

* Invasions (Muslims, nagars, Vikings)
* Protection for service
* Gauarentee safety

**Effects of the Crusades**

* Holy war, going off to retake the holy land (middle east)
* Crusaders - kights
* Decreased the power of the church

**Effects of the Great Schism**

* During the middle ages
* Split in the church
* Two popes
* Decrease in the power of the church

**Effects of the Bubonic plague**

* Came from the mongols 
* Killed about half of the european population
* Decreased the power of the chruch

**Humanism**

* Beginning of the renaissance
* Study of philosophy/history / individual achievement
* Humanism is the intellectual movement focused on human achievements
* Reflected through realistic pieces in art

**Renaissance Man**

* Man who excels in many fields (well-rounded)
* Classics, art, politics, combat
* *The Courtier teaches how to become a “universal” person*
* Leonardo da Vinci: ultimate renaissance man

**Renaissance Woman**

* Upper-class and charming, vocal, confidence
* Educated in classics
* Expected to inspire art but not create it
* Isabella d’Este, patron of artists, wields power in Mantua

**The Printing Press**

* Allowed books and pamphlets to be made faster and cheaper
* Spread the revolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Reformation
* The Gutenberg Bible - first book to be printed on the printing press
* Led to increase in education
* Johann Gutenberg - 1400s

**Martin Luther**

* Began a movement to reform practices in the Chruch that be believed were wrong
* German monk
* Protest the corruption of the church (indulgences)
* Never recants and sticks by his word
* Makes own relgion (protestant / lutherans)

**Luther’s 95 Point Thesis**

* His 95 problems with the church
* Printed w the printing press
* Spread like crazy around europe

**Galileo Galilei**

* Scientific revolution
* Telescope (used telescope / improved it)(Kepler is the inventor)
* Proved the helicentric theory
* Recants and went to jail but took back what he said

**The Anglican Church**

* Official church of England
* Leader is the french monarch
* Did it to divorce his wife
* Segment of prodestant faith

**The Trans-Atlantic Trade Network** 

* Experation across the atlantic
* The goal is to spread god, glory, goods, gold
* Taking proffets across the atlantic
* Columbus, Cortez

**Motivating Factors for the Age of Exploration**

* Gold
* Glory
* Goods
* Spread god
* Greed

**Laws of Nature**

* Laws of science
* Gravity
* Concept of are laws of nature diff for each person (answer - always the same)
* Enlightenment ideas

**Johannes Kelper**

* He used telescope to prove Earth’s orbit was an elliptical instead of a circle
* Proved Copernicus’ basic ideas were true

**Rene Descartes**

* “I think, therefore I am” (dont trust anyone, question everything)
* Developed analytical geometry (algerba + geometry linked, new tool for scientific research)
* Believed everything should be doubted until proven
* Relied on mathematics and logic

**Francis Bacon**

* Urged scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions
* Attacked medieval scholars for relying on the conclusions of ancient thinkers
* Believed that a better understanding of the world would generate practical knowledge that would improve people’s lives
* Empiricism (experimental method)

**Thomas Hobbes**

* Believed that humans were naturally selfish and wicked
* Thought that people should hand over their rights to a strong government
* Social contract
* Wanted an absolute monarchy/ruler

**John Locke**

* Believed people could learn from experience and improve themselves
* All people are born free and equal 
* Natural rights (if government fails to protect them, overthrow the government)
* Democracy 

**Natural Rights**

* Life
* Liberty
* Property
* The purpose of government is to protect these rights

**Baron de Montesquieu**

* separation of powers
* “Power should be a check to power”
* *On the Spirit of Laws, his famous book*
* Believed britian was the best governed of his time (republic)

**The Estates General**

* French revolution
* The meeting place of the early french revolution
* Third estate - bottom, carrying the load (money)

**Causes of the French Revolution**

* Enlightenment ideas
* American revolution inspired
* Poor leadership
* Economic issues

**The Jacobins**

* Radical revolutionary club
* Home of robespierre and c.o.p.s
* Caused reign of terror

**Objectives of the Moderate Phase of the French Revolution**

* Not extreme
* Originally wanted to create a constitutional monarch
* Shifted to radical
* Started moderate (french rev) 

**Objectives of the Radical Phase of the French Revolution**

* Leads to no king
* French republic
* Kill the king

**The Reign of Terror**

* 40,000 french died (mostly peasants)
* After king was executed
* No one is safe from guiotene
* robespierre

**The Role of Horses in the Mongol Empire**

* Main form of transportation
* Companion
* 1 horse + 3 others per mongol
* The reason theyre such great warriors
* Mongols are nomads
* Live on asian steppe (flat plain) (sutable for horse
* Pastoralist - herd domesticated animals
* Key component to military success (speed)
* Allows them to travel 120 miles a day
* Greatest soldiers in the world bc of horses

**Feudalism - Causes, Classes, Benefits, and Obligations**

* Begins during middle ages, after charlemagne (900)
* Arose for protection from vikings, muslims, and magyars 
* Invasions sparked the need for protection
* People were born into peasants
* 90% were peasants (europe)
* Social classes had obligations
* King, land goes down
* Peasants, service goes up
* Peasants - stability and protection (benefits)
* Lords / knights - great social status and wealth
* King - army
* Land for service

**Thomas Hobbes and John Locke’s views on Human Nature**

* Both agree on social contract (deal with government)
* Locke: positive view on human nature, we consent for leadership
* Governement protects/provides for us and we give money/follow laws
* Democracy
* Hobbes: negative view on human nature, life would be terrible if we did what locke says
* dictator/king (all powerful)
* Government gives strong stable protection if people give up all their rights to the government

**The connection between the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment**

* Came after middle ages (1500s)
* Rev kicks it off -> human achievements, knowledge, greek/roman, improve life
* Sc rev comes along that continues the concept of human achievements -> question everything, data, observe, church is wrong (galileo - solar system)
* Enlightenment comes w the church being wrong (if the church is wrong, is the king wrong?) -> reason, logic to solve problems, world can be improved
* Challenge feudalism, kings -> democracy

**The Causes of the French Revolution**

* Enlightenment ideas
* American revolution - 1776
* Circumstantial things - poor leadership
* Economic crisis - bankrupt / chaos