anatomy part 2

anatomy and physical

controlled condition

a monitored variable such as blood pressure

stimulus

any distribution that changes the a controlled condition

receptor

monitors change

control center

sets the range of values for a controlled condition

afferent

towards

efferent

away from

afferent pathway

carries information towards the control center

efferent pathway

carries information to an effector

feedback

response of a system that changes the controlled condition

positive feedback system

response reinforces changes in the controlled system

negative feedback system

response reverse changes in the controlled system

respiratory system

transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air

endocrine system

regulates body cavities by releasing hormones

nervous system

generates action potentials, detects changes in body’s environments, contains many control centers

digestive system

breakdown of food into smaller and smaller comments i

integumentary system

protecting, temperature regulation, detects pain, stores fat

skeletal system

support and protection, stores minerals and lipids, houses cells that make blood cells

reproductive system

production of gametes, hormone production and release

urinary system

gets rid of wastes from the body from urine

muscular system

to provide movement and temperature regulation

cardiovascular system

carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, carries wastes from cells helps regulate acid-base balance

Lymphatic system

returns proteins and fluid to blood, contains sites where B and T cells mature and proliferate

parietal pleura

lines the Thoracic wall and diaphragm

visceral pleura

covers the surface of the lungs

parietal layer of serous pericardium

lines the fibrous pericardium

visceral layer of serous pericardium

covers the surface of the heart

parietal peritoneum

cover the inside of surface the abdominal wall

visceral peritoneum

cover the surfaces of many, not all abdominal organs

acid

hydrogen ion donor

base

hydrogen ion acceptor

dissociate

process in which salt, acid, or base, splits into ions when placed in a solvent

strong acid

completely dissociates into a hydrogen ion and anion when placed in a solvent

strong base

completely dissociates into a hydroxide ion and cation when placed into a solvent

weak acid

partially dissociates into hydrogen ion and an anion when placed into a solvent

conjugate base

the base (the anion) that forms when a weak acid dissociates

conjugate acid

the acid (the cation) that forms when a weak base dissociates

buffer

a solution that contains a weak acid and conjugate base

acidic

a solution with a PH less than 7

basic

a solution with a PH greater than 7

mitochondrion

makes ATP

ribosome

site of protein synthesis

rough endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizes proteins that are secreted

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

detoxifies harmful substances like alcohol

nucleus

contains the cell’s genes

secretary vesicles

secrete substances by exocytosis

peroxisomes

produce hydrogen peroxide and detoxify substances

centrosomes

from cilia, flagella, and mitotic spindles

ion channels

allows channels to cross the plasma membrane

lipid bilayer

enables the membrane to be permeable to lipid soluble substances

glycocalyx

acts as the molecular signature of the cell

ligand channel

allows substances to cross the plasma membrane in response to a chemical signal

cilia function

moves substance across the surface of a cell

flagellum function

moves entire cells

microvilli function

increases the surface area of the apical surface of cell to increase absorption

contractile proteins function

allow a cell to shorten (contact)

processes in a motor neuron function

send and receive electrical signals

hemoglobin function

binds oxygen

G1

duplication of organelles

interphase

cell metabolizing and growing

mitotic phase

nucleus and cell divides

S phase

DNA replication

G2

centrosome replication complete

mitosis

nuclear division

cytokinesis

cytoplasmic divison

prophase

chromosomes condense

metaphase

chromosomes line up on metaphase plate

anaphase

starts when chromosomes begin to move to opposite poles of the cell

telophase

starts when chromosomes stop moving

microvilli function or characteristics

increase surface area for increased absorption/ secretion

amphipathic lipids

bilayer nature of plasma membrane

hydrophobic lipid tails

hydrophobic nature of plasma membrane

phospholipid heads

hydrophilic nature of plasma membrane

glycolipids and glycoproteins

glycocalyx

transmembrane proteins

signaling and selective permeability

ion channels function

diffusion of ions

carrier proteins

selective movement of polar substances across membrane

permeable

permits passage of substances

impermeable

prevents passages of substances

selectively permeable

permits passage of some substance while preventing the passage of other substances

hydrophilic

soluble in water

hydrophobic

insoluble in water

ligand

molecule that binds to the receptor

receptor in organ

molecule that binds a ligand

plasma membrane function of organelle

protects cellular components

mitochondria

aerobic cellular respiration aka synthesis of ATP

Rough endoplasmic reticum meaning

synthesizes proteins that are used by organelles or inserted into the plasma membrane

centrosomes

used for growth of the mitotic spindle and for microtubule formation

free ribosomes

synthesizes proteins that remain in the cytosol

membrane bounce vessicle

used to transport substances by endocytosis or exocytosis

cytosol

fluid in which many cells metabolic reactions occur

nucleoli

produce ribosomes

chromatins

complex of DNA, proteins, and RNA

smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

synthesizes fatty acids and steroids

Golgi complex function

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport

secretory vessicle function

transports protection from the Golgi complex to the plasma membrane for secretion

lysosome function

contain digestive enzymes

cytosol function

fluid portion of the cytosol that contains dissolved and suspended components

condensation of chromatin into chromosomes occurs during

prophase

chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate during

metaphase

sister chromatids separate during

anaphase