Chapter 3 Bio

studied byStudied by 3 people
5.0(1)
Get a hint
Hint

The four major classes of macromolecules are…

1 / 135

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Biology

136 Terms

1

The four major classes of macromolecules are…

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

New cards
2

All organic molecules contain ________.

carbon

New cards
3

Monomers are…

individual subunits of macromolecules

New cards
4

Monomers are linked via ____ bonds to form _______.

covalent; polymers

New cards
5

Dehydration synthesis

combining molecules via loss of water

New cards
6

Hydrolysis (Dehydration reaction)

breaking down polymers into individual monomers via the addition of water

New cards
7

Biological molecules that catalyze or speed up reactions are called _______.

enzymes

New cards
8

Carbohydrates provide __ to the body in the form of ______.

energy; glucose

New cards
9

Monosaccharides end with the suffix ______

-ose

New cards
10

Monosaccharides contain the carbonyl group _____

C=O

New cards
11

Greek numeral prefix before the -ose in a monosaccharide indicates the number of ______.

carbons

New cards
12

Glucose is an important source of _______.

energy

New cards
13

Galactose is part of _______.

lactose (milk sugar)

New cards
14

Fructose is part of ______.

sucrose (fruit sugar)

New cards
15

Plants store ____ in fruit to use as __________ for animals, in order to get them to disperse their seeds

fructose; bait

New cards
16

Monosaccharides assume _____ structure in aqueous solution.

ring

New cards
17

Disaccharides form when…

two monosaccharides are linked in a dehydration reaction

New cards
18

When two sugars are linked together (to become a disaccharide), they form a _____ bond.

glycosidic

New cards
19

Polysaccharides are…

long chain of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

New cards
20

The more complex the molecule, the _____ it is to break down.

harder

New cards
21

Starch is…

energy storage in plants

New cards
22

Cellulose is…

cell walls of plants

New cards
23

Chitin is…

cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods

New cards
24

Glycogen is…

energy storage in animals

New cards
25

Amylose is ____ glucoseand monomers are joined by ________ glycosidic bonds

unbranched; a 1-4

New cards
26

Amylopectin is ___ glucose, and monomers are joined by ________ and ___________ glycosidic bonds.

branched; a 1-4; a 1-6

New cards
27

Cellulose is _____ glucose, and monomers are joined by ________ glycosidic linkages.

unbranched; B 1-4

New cards
28

In cellulose, every glucose monomer is _______ relative to the next one, which results in a _____, fibrous structure.

flipped; linear

New cards
29

Lipids ______ water.

repel

New cards
30

Lipids are a diverse group of _________.

non-polar hydrocarbons

New cards
31

Lipids are _______ energy stores.

long-term

New cards
32

Lipids provide _____ from environment for plants and animals.

insulation

New cards
33

Fats contain 2 main parts, ___ and ______, that form chains with each other.

glycerol and fatty acids

New cards
34

Triglyceride is formed by joining ___ fatty acids to a ____ backbone.

three; glycerol

New cards
35

Ester linkages have a ___________ bond.

double covalent

New cards
36

Glycerol molecules are attached to the fatty acids via ______ linkage.

ester

New cards
37

Double covalent bond gives a ______ structure that holds it in place and keeps it straight.

stronger

New cards
38

Saturated fatty acids contain ______ carbon-carbon double bonds in the carbon backbone.

no

New cards
39

Saturated fatty acids are _____ at room temperature

solids

New cards
40

Unsaturated fatty acids contain ________ carbon-carbon double bond in the carbon chain backbone.

at least one

New cards
41

Most unsaturated fats are ______ at room temperature.

liquids

New cards
42

Cis configuration in fats

hydrogens on the same side of chain

New cards
43

Trans configuration in fats

hydrogens on opposite side of chain

New cards
44

Essential fatty acids are….

required but not synthesized by the body (must be part of diet)

New cards
45

Waxes are…

long fatty acid chains esterified to long chain alcohols

New cards
46

Waxes are ______, which means they prevent water from sticking to surface

hydrophobic

New cards
47

Phospholipids are…

molecule with two fatty acids and a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone

New cards
48

Phospholipids are _____, they have a hydrophobic portion and a hydrophilic portion

amphipathic

New cards
49

Steroids have a ______ structure, meaning four linked carbon rings and a short tail.

closed-ring

New cards
50

Steroids have a different form than that of other lipids because…

they move around in the bloodstream to get to other parts of the body and send signals

New cards
51

Steroids are ___, meaning they are insoluble in water

hydrophobic

New cards
52

_____ is the most common steroid, and is synthesized in the liver

Cholesterol

New cards
53

Functions of life are maintained solely by ______.

proteins

New cards
54

The most abundant organic molecule is ______.

proteins

New cards
55

Proteins are _____ molecules, meaning that they all have a function.

action

New cards
56

What macromolecule are most enzymes classified as?

Proteins

New cards
57

Nearly all enzymes end in the suffix -____.

-ase

New cards
58

Catabolic enzymes…

breakdown substrates

New cards
59

Anabolic enzymes…

build substrates, or more complex molecules

New cards
60

Catalytic enzymes…

speed up or slow down a reaction

New cards
61

The function of digestive enzymes (such as amylase, lipase, pepsin, and trypsin) is to…

help digestion of food by catabolizing nutrients into momeric units

New cards
62

The function of transport proteins (such as hemoglobin and albumin) is to…

carry substances in the blood or lymph throughout the body

New cards
63

The function of structural proteins (such as actin, tubulin, and keratin) is to…

construct different structures, like the cytoskeleton

New cards
64

The function of hormones (such as insulin and thyroxine) is to…

coordinate the activity of different body systems

New cards
65

The function of defense proteins (such as immunoglobulins) is to…

protect the body from foreign pathogens

New cards
66

The function of contractile proteins (such as actin and myosin) is…

muscle contraction

New cards
67

The function of storage proteins (such as legume storage proteins and egg white, or albumin) is to…

provide nourishment in early development of the embryo and the seeling

New cards
68

Amino acids are the monomers that make up _____.

proteins

New cards
69

The structure of amino acids contains…

  • Central carbon atom (a-carbon)

  • Amino group (-NH₂)

  • Carboxyl group (-COOH)

  • Hydrogen

  • Side chain (R-group)

New cards
70

Each amino acid has a different _____-group.

R

New cards
71

The purpose of R-groups is to determine the ______ of each amino acid.

chemical nature

New cards
72
<p>Be familiar with some of these and what makes their R-groups unique (not completely memorized but just know some of them)</p>

Be familiar with some of these and what makes their R-groups unique (not completely memorized but just know some of them)

Okay!

New cards
73

Amino acids are represented by a ___ upper-case letter or _____ letters. (ex: Valine = V or Val)

single; three

New cards
74

Essential amino acids ______ produced naturally in humans, so they must be supplied in diet.

are not

New cards
75

Some essential amino acids include…

  • Isoleucine

  • Leucine

  • Cysteine

New cards
76

Shape, size and function of amino acids is determined by…

the sequence and number of amino acids

New cards
77

The length of amino acid chains determines…

how the proteins function

New cards
78

Amino acid monomers are linked via…

peptide bond formation

New cards
79

Polypeptide chain

a chain of amino acids joined together in peptide linkages

New cards
80

Protein

a polypeptide or multiple polypeptides with a biological function

New cards
81

The difference between a polypeptide and a protein is that…

proteins have specific unique structures and functions

New cards
82

Many proteins are modified following _______.

translations.

New cards
83

Primary structure

the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide (order of proteins matters)

New cards
84

What could happen if there was a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA?

it could change the amino acid and lead to change in structure and function

New cards
85

Sickle cell anemia is an example of how…

change in amino acids can impact human health

New cards
86

Sickle cells are __ shaped, normal cells are ___ shaped.

crescent; disc

New cards
87

Secondary structure

local folding of the polypeptide

New cards
88
<p>a-helix</p>

a-helix

formed by hydrogen bond between oxygen in carbonyl group and an amino acid 4 positions down the chain

New cards
89
<p>B-pleated sheet</p>

B-pleated sheet

hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain

New cards
90

a-helix and B-pleated sheets are ____ structures of proteins.

secondary

New cards
91

_____ structure, or ORDER, effects if the chain comes out as a helix or pleated sheet.

Primary

New cards
92

Tertiary structure

the unique three dimensional structure of a polypeptide

New cards
93

Tertiary structures are formed due to…

chemical interactions between R-group on amino acids

New cards
94

R-groups with like charges are ____ from one another

repelled

New cards
95

R-groups that are _____ will cluster in interior of protein

hydrophobic

New cards
96

_____ side chains form ____ bridges in tertiary structure.

Crysteine; disulfide

New cards
97

In tertiary structure, hydrophobic interactions…

create space

New cards
98

In tertiary structure, ionic bonding is…

weak and water can get in

New cards
99

In tertiary structure, hydrogen bonding is…

easy to break apart

New cards
100

In tertiary structure, disulfide linkages are _____.

stronger

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 11 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 4 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 7 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 7 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 17 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 32 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 54 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 180 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard44 terms
studied byStudied by 17 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard30 terms
studied byStudied by 1 person
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard100 terms
studied byStudied by 2 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard61 terms
studied byStudied by 37 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(2)
flashcards Flashcard101 terms
studied byStudied by 49 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard27 terms
studied byStudied by 6 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard40 terms
studied byStudied by 2 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard116 terms
studied byStudied by 32 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(2)