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The four major classes of macromolecules are…
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
All organic molecules contain ________.
carbon
Monomers are…
individual subunits of macromolecules
Monomers are linked via ____ bonds to form _______.
covalent; polymers
Dehydration synthesis
combining molecules via loss of water
Hydrolysis (Dehydration reaction)
breaking down polymers into individual monomers via the addition of water
Biological molecules that catalyze or speed up reactions are called _______.
enzymes
Carbohydrates provide __ to the body in the form of ______.
energy; glucose
Monosaccharides end with the suffix ______
-ose
Monosaccharides contain the carbonyl group _____
C=O
Greek numeral prefix before the -ose in a monosaccharide indicates the number of ______.
carbons
Glucose is an important source of _______.
energy
Galactose is part of _______.
lactose (milk sugar)
Fructose is part of ______.
sucrose (fruit sugar)
Plants store ____ in fruit to use as __________ for animals, in order to get them to disperse their seeds
fructose; bait
Monosaccharides assume _____ structure in aqueous solution.
ring
Disaccharides form when…
two monosaccharides are linked in a dehydration reaction
When two sugars are linked together (to become a disaccharide), they form a _____ bond.
glycosidic
Polysaccharides are…
long chain of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
The more complex the molecule, the _____ it is to break down.
harder
Starch is…
energy storage in plants
Cellulose is…
cell walls of plants
Chitin is…
cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods
Glycogen is…
energy storage in animals
Amylose is ____ glucoseand monomers are joined by ________ glycosidic bonds
unbranched; a 1-4
Amylopectin is ___ glucose, and monomers are joined by ________ and ___________ glycosidic bonds.
branched; a 1-4; a 1-6
Cellulose is _____ glucose, and monomers are joined by ________ glycosidic linkages.
unbranched; B 1-4
In cellulose, every glucose monomer is _______ relative to the next one, which results in a _____, fibrous structure.
flipped; linear
Lipids ______ water.
repel
Lipids are a diverse group of _________.
non-polar hydrocarbons
Lipids are _______ energy stores.
long-term
Lipids provide _____ from environment for plants and animals.
insulation
Fats contain 2 main parts, ___ and ______, that form chains with each other.
glycerol and fatty acids
Triglyceride is formed by joining ___ fatty acids to a ____ backbone.
three; glycerol
Ester linkages have a ___________ bond.
double covalent
Glycerol molecules are attached to the fatty acids via ______ linkage.
ester
Double covalent bond gives a ______ structure that holds it in place and keeps it straight.
stronger
Saturated fatty acids contain ______ carbon-carbon double bonds in the carbon backbone.
no
Saturated fatty acids are _____ at room temperature
solids
Unsaturated fatty acids contain ________ carbon-carbon double bond in the carbon chain backbone.
at least one
Most unsaturated fats are ______ at room temperature.
liquids
Cis configuration in fats
hydrogens on the same side of chain
Trans configuration in fats
hydrogens on opposite side of chain
Essential fatty acids are….
required but not synthesized by the body (must be part of diet)
Waxes are…
long fatty acid chains esterified to long chain alcohols
Waxes are ______, which means they prevent water from sticking to surface
hydrophobic
Phospholipids are…
molecule with two fatty acids and a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone
Phospholipids are _____, they have a hydrophobic portion and a hydrophilic portion
amphipathic
Steroids have a ______ structure, meaning four linked carbon rings and a short tail.
closed-ring
Steroids have a different form than that of other lipids because…
they move around in the bloodstream to get to other parts of the body and send signals
Steroids are ___, meaning they are insoluble in water
hydrophobic
_____ is the most common steroid, and is synthesized in the liver
Cholesterol
Functions of life are maintained solely by ______.
proteins
The most abundant organic molecule is ______.
proteins
Proteins are _____ molecules, meaning that they all have a function.
action
What macromolecule are most enzymes classified as?
Proteins
Nearly all enzymes end in the suffix -____.
-ase
Catabolic enzymes…
breakdown substrates
Anabolic enzymes…
build substrates, or more complex molecules
Catalytic enzymes…
speed up or slow down a reaction
The function of digestive enzymes (such as amylase, lipase, pepsin, and trypsin) is to…
help digestion of food by catabolizing nutrients into momeric units
The function of transport proteins (such as hemoglobin and albumin) is to…
carry substances in the blood or lymph throughout the body
The function of structural proteins (such as actin, tubulin, and keratin) is to…
construct different structures, like the cytoskeleton
The function of hormones (such as insulin and thyroxine) is to…
coordinate the activity of different body systems
The function of defense proteins (such as immunoglobulins) is to…
protect the body from foreign pathogens
The function of contractile proteins (such as actin and myosin) is…
muscle contraction
The function of storage proteins (such as legume storage proteins and egg white, or albumin) is to…
provide nourishment in early development of the embryo and the seeling
Amino acids are the monomers that make up _____.
proteins
The structure of amino acids contains…
Central carbon atom (a-carbon)
Amino group (-NH₂)
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
Hydrogen
Side chain (R-group)
Each amino acid has a different _____-group.
R
The purpose of R-groups is to determine the ______ of each amino acid.
chemical nature
Be familiar with some of these and what makes their R-groups unique (not completely memorized but just know some of them)
Okay!
Amino acids are represented by a ___ upper-case letter or _____ letters. (ex: Valine = V or Val)
single; three
Essential amino acids ______ produced naturally in humans, so they must be supplied in diet.
are not
Some essential amino acids include…
Isoleucine
Leucine
Cysteine
Shape, size and function of amino acids is determined by…
the sequence and number of amino acids
The length of amino acid chains determines…
how the proteins function
Amino acid monomers are linked via…
peptide bond formation
Polypeptide chain
a chain of amino acids joined together in peptide linkages
Protein
a polypeptide or multiple polypeptides with a biological function
The difference between a polypeptide and a protein is that…
proteins have specific unique structures and functions
Many proteins are modified following _______.
translations.
Primary structure
the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide (order of proteins matters)
What could happen if there was a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA?
it could change the amino acid and lead to change in structure and function
Sickle cell anemia is an example of how…
change in amino acids can impact human health
Sickle cells are __ shaped, normal cells are ___ shaped.
crescent; disc
Secondary structure
local folding of the polypeptide
a-helix
formed by hydrogen bond between oxygen in carbonyl group and an amino acid 4 positions down the chain
B-pleated sheet
hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain
a-helix and B-pleated sheets are ____ structures of proteins.
secondary
_____ structure, or ORDER, effects if the chain comes out as a helix or pleated sheet.
Primary
Tertiary structure
the unique three dimensional structure of a polypeptide
Tertiary structures are formed due to…
chemical interactions between R-group on amino acids
R-groups with like charges are ____ from one another
repelled
R-groups that are _____ will cluster in interior of protein
hydrophobic
_____ side chains form ____ bridges in tertiary structure.
Crysteine; disulfide
In tertiary structure, hydrophobic interactions…
create space
In tertiary structure, ionic bonding is…
weak and water can get in
In tertiary structure, hydrogen bonding is…
easy to break apart
In tertiary structure, disulfide linkages are _____.
stronger
Note 
Flashcard (98)