Chapter 3 Bio

The four major classes of macromolecules are…

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

All organic molecules contain ________.

carbon

Monomers are…

individual subunits of macromolecules

Monomers are linked via ____ bonds to form _______.

covalent; polymers

Dehydration synthesis

combining molecules via loss of water

Hydrolysis (Dehydration reaction)

breaking down polymers into individual monomers via the addition of water

Biological molecules that catalyze or speed up reactions are called _______.

enzymes

Carbohydrates provide __ to the body in the form of ______.

energy; glucose

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Monosaccharides end with the suffix ______

\-ose

Monosaccharides contain the carbonyl group _____

C=O

Greek numeral prefix before the -ose in a monosaccharide indicates the number of ______.

carbons

Glucose is an important source of _______.

energy

Galactose is part of _______.

lactose (milk sugar)

Fructose is part of ______.

sucrose (fruit sugar)

Plants store ____ in fruit to use as __________ for animals, in order to get them to disperse their seeds

fructose; bait

Monosaccharides assume _____ structure in aqueous solution.

ring

Disaccharides form when…

two monosaccharides are linked in a dehydration reaction

When two sugars are linked together (to become a disaccharide), they form a _____ bond.

glycosidic

Polysaccharides are…

long chain of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

The more complex the molecule, the _____ it is to break down.

harder

Starch is…

energy storage in plants

Cellulose is…

cell walls of plants

Chitin is…

cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods

Glycogen is…

energy storage in animals

Amylose is ____ glucoseand monomers are joined by ________ glycosidic bonds

unbranched; a 1-4

Amylopectin is ___ glucose, and monomers are joined by ________ and ___________ glycosidic bonds.

branched; a 1-4; a 1-6

Cellulose is _____ glucose, and monomers are joined by ________ glycosidic linkages.

unbranched; B 1-4

In cellulose, every glucose monomer is _______ relative to the next one, which results in a _______,__ fibrous structure.

flipped; linear

Lipids ______ water.

repel

Lipids are a diverse group of _________.

non-polar hydrocarbons

Lipids are _______ energy stores.

long-term

Lipids provide _____ from environment for plants and animals.

insulation

Fats contain 2 main parts, ___ and ______, that form chains with each other.

glycerol and fatty acids

Triglyceride is formed by joining ___ fatty acids to a ____ backbone.

three; glycerol

Ester linkages have a ___________ bond.

double covalent

Glycerol molecules are attached to the fatty acids via ______ linkage.

ester

Double covalent bond gives a ______ structure that holds it in place and keeps it straight.

stronger

Saturated fatty acids contain ______ carbon-carbon double bonds in the carbon backbone.

no

Saturated fatty acids are _____ at room temperature

solids

Unsaturated fatty acids contain ________ carbon-carbon double bond in the carbon chain backbone.

at least one

Most unsaturated fats are ______ at room temperature.

liquids

Cis configuration in fats

hydrogens on the same side of chain

Trans configuration in fats

hydrogens on opposite side of chain

Essential fatty acids are….

required but not synthesized by the body (must be part of diet)

Waxes are…

long fatty acid chains esterified to long chain alcohols

Waxes are ______, which means they prevent water from sticking to surface

hydrophobic

Phospholipids are…

molecule with two fatty acids and a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone

Phospholipids are _____, they have a hydrophobic portion and a hydrophilic portion

amphipathic

Steroids have a ______ structure, meaning four linked carbon rings and a short tail.

closed-ring

Steroids have a different form than that of other lipids because…

they move around in the bloodstream to get to other parts of the body and send signals

Steroids are ___, meaning they are insoluble in water

hydrophobic

_____ is the most common steroid, and is synthesized in the liver

Cholesterol

Functions of life are maintained solely by ______.

proteins

The most abundant organic molecule is ______.

proteins

Proteins are _____ molecules, meaning that they all have a function.

action

What macromolecule are most enzymes classified as?

Proteins

Nearly all enzymes end in the suffix -____.

\-ase

Catabolic enzymes…

breakdown substrates

Anabolic enzymes…

build substrates, or more complex molecules

Catalytic enzymes…

speed up or slow down a reaction

The function of digestive enzymes (such as amylase, lipase, pepsin, and trypsin) is to…

help digestion of food by catabolizing nutrients into momeric units

The function of transport proteins (such as hemoglobin and albumin) is to…

carry substances in the blood or lymph throughout the body

The function of structural proteins (such as actin, tubulin, and keratin) is to…

construct different structures, like the cytoskeleton

The function of hormones (such as insulin and thyroxine) is to…

coordinate the activity of different body systems

The function of defense proteins (such as immunoglobulins) is to…

protect the body from foreign pathogens

The function of contractile proteins (such as actin and myosin) is…

muscle contraction

The function of storage proteins (such as legume storage proteins and egg white, or albumin) is to…

provide nourishment in early development of the embryo and the seeling

Amino acids are the monomers that make up _____.

proteins

The structure of amino acids contains…

* Central carbon atom (a-carbon)
* Amino group (-NH₂)
* Carboxyl group (-COOH)
* Hydrogen
* Side chain (R-group)

Each amino acid has a different _____-group.

R

The purpose of R-groups is to determine the ______ of each amino acid.

chemical nature

Be familiar with some of these and what makes their R-groups unique (not completely memorized but just know some of them)

Okay!

Amino acids are represented by a ___ upper-case letter or _____ letters. (ex: Valine = V or Val)

single; three

Essential amino acids ______ produced naturally in humans, so they must be supplied in diet.

are not

Some essential amino acids include…

\
* Isoleucine
* Leucine
* Cysteine

Shape, size and function of amino acids is determined by…

the sequence and number of amino acids

The length of amino acid chains determines…

how the proteins function

Amino acid monomers are linked via…

peptide bond formation

Polypeptide chain

a chain of amino acids joined together in peptide linkages

Protein

a polypeptide or multiple polypeptides with a biological function

The difference between a polypeptide and a protein is that…

proteins have specific unique structures and functions

Many proteins are modified following _______.

translations.

Primary structure

the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide (order of proteins matters)

What could happen if there was a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA?

it could change the amino acid and lead to change in structure and function

Sickle cell anemia is an example of how…

change in amino acids can impact human health

Sickle cells are __ shaped, normal cells are ___ shaped.

crescent; disc

Secondary structure

local folding of the polypeptide

a-helix

formed by hydrogen bond between oxygen in carbonyl group and an amino acid 4 positions down the chain

B-pleated sheet

hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain

a-helix and B-pleated sheets are ____ structures of proteins.

secondary

_____ structure, or ORDER, effects if the chain comes out as a helix or pleated sheet.

Primary

Tertiary structure

the unique three dimensional structure of a polypeptide

Tertiary structures are formed due to…

chemical interactions between R-group on amino acids

R-groups with like charges are ____ from one another

repelled

R-groups that are _____ will cluster in interior of protein

hydrophobic

_____ side chains form ____ bridges in tertiary structure.

Crysteine; disulfide

In tertiary structure, hydrophobic interactions…

create space

In tertiary structure, ionic bonding is…

weak and water can get in

In tertiary structure, hydrogen bonding is…

easy to break apart

In tertiary structure, disulfide linkages are _____.

stronger