US History 5.2-5.7

“Manifest Destiny”

belief that the US has a divine mission to extend its civilization & power across America critics: drive rooted in greed.

Onis/Transcontinental Treaty 1819

Spain & US established a boundary for the US that had excluded Texas & US brought F

Joseph smith 1820s

founded Mormons poly admitted anyone (no matter race or $) he was arrested & murdered for his beliefs

Brigham young 1837

Smith's successor led followers to shores of Great Salt Lake (Utah) for religious refuge

Mexico pre War

freed from spain, looking for settelers, settelers came with slaves, Mexico had banned lsavery, settelers in texas got mad and wanted to seperate

Stephan Austin “Father of TX”

brought ppl to TX under the M gov

Texas 1836

Sam Huston force (A) won against Santa anna forcing him to recognize TX as a independent nation 

James K Polk 1845-1849

Oregon land, wanted Texas annexed, MA War, committed to Manifest Destiny 54 40 or fight had the war but it was started by John Tyler

Mexican-American War 1846 start

Polk had sent troops under Zachary Taylor to “Texas” 11 USS killed he used it as a meas to star a war claiming American lives taken in “their” soil

Mexican War feelings

fear it would expand slavery others felt Polk misled congress about the og details on the outbreak & felt the US was the aggressor 

John C. Fremont

(A)overthrew Mexican rule in the region(1846) claimed California to be an independent republic(new flag included a grizzly bear : Bear flag republic)

1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

favored US-Mexico accepted Rio Grande as the S border of Texas & US payed 15 mill for Cali + New Mexico US paying & assuming responsibility for claims from A citizens against Mexico

1853 Gadsden Purchase

Under Pierce purchase of a small strip of land from Mexico US wants the land bc it would be the best route for a railroad through the region

Impacts of the War

land gain, slavery issue, NA being killed by desires + settlers + moved, Mexicans living in the land would be granted US citizenship

Boundary Dispute in Maine

disputed land split between Maine & British Canada + settled the boundary of the Minnesota territory 

Election of 1844

James K WON

Oregon Territory treaty 1846

James K Polk persuaded B to give them the land below the 49th parallel (54 40 or fight)

California 1848 Gold rush

gold discovered and led to a big migration but few actually got rich

Congress Preemption Acts of 1830w&40s  

gov offered ppl land at low prices move still required them to have some $

immigrants in Cali

CA legislature made a 20$ tax per m to try to drive immigrants out 

Nativism 1840s

hostility to immigrants : formed secret antiforeign society later came to be known as the Know Nothing party

Homestead Act

Gave 160 acres to any settler who would farm for 5 yrs effort to populate the midwest territory 

Wilmot Proviso 1846

an amendment that would ban slavery to any land gained in the MA War. passed in the house defeated in the Senate. N support

Ties with Asia 1850s

Harbors grew (san fran) US looked to isolated Japan US demanded J to negotiate: Kanagawa Treaty which opened 2 ports to American shipping tying the US & J together 

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850

between US & GB promising that neither would try to take exclusive control of any future canal route in central America

Polk Stance On slavery in Cessecion

supported the extension of the Missouri compromise line from coast to coast to new territories (N=no S=yes)

Popular sovereignty

Lewis Cass proposed to let the ppl of the land choose weather they had slavery or not

Free soil Movement

Northerners- tried keep the West a land of opportunity for WHITES ONLY (keeping enslaved & AA out) + advocated for free public land grants to small farmers+internal improvement (roads & harbor)

Election of 1848

issue-slavery whig War hero Zachary Taylor who never been in politics or took a position on slavery in the land

Henry Clays Compromise

1) admit Cali as a free state 

2)Divided lands in 2: Utah & New Mexico giving them popular sovereignty 

3) give land to T & NM land in new territories in return for fed gov paying 10 mill of T debt

 4) Ban slave trade in District of Columbia BUT permit white to enslaved ppl as before 

5) heavily enforced fugitive slave law

Compromise of 1850

all aspects of clays comp passed in separate votes. Brought time for the union

Ostend Manifesto 1854

Polk offered to buy Cuba from Spain from 100 mill

Cuba drama

Spain declined to Polk still S went into Cuba by force only to be taken out by force then US diplomats tried to buy Cuba in secret BUT when news leaked ppl got mad & the scheme had to be dropped

Irish Immigrants

unskilled workers usually poor stayed in E cities, were discriminated against bc they were Roman Catholic

German Immigrants

Often catholic, arrived with some $ & skills moved NW becoming farmers & business men

Know Nothing Party 1850s

Tried to limit immigrants political & cultural influence Laws raising wait time for naturalization + only Native born citizens can hold office + literacy test for voting

Panic of 1857

dec in price for Mid Western agriculture products + inc in unemployment in N. S was less affected so they believed that their economy was superior

Fugitive Slave Law

everyone had to legally turn in a fugitive and anyone who hid a fugitive would face legal penalties. Black & White activist resisted law

The Underground Railroad

loose network of activist who helped slaves escape to N or Canada

Harriet Tubman

escaped herself BUT made trips to S in order to help others escape 

John C. Calhoun 1837

stated slavery was a positive good bc slaves enjoyed better conditions that industrial workers in the

Southern defense for slavery

Prosperity of the nation=S economy=slavery + Biological superiority + slavery & state rights supported under the constitution

Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852

antislavery saying owner & slave relation was inhumane. S called it lies, banned the book and attacked the N calling ppl wage slaves

Impending crisis of the south

anti-slavery book arguing slavery was economically harmful to the S + posed a threat to the social structure

Context for the Kansas Nebraska act

land in the middle was big & acc to the Miss comp. it would be free but S did not like that

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

under Pierce by Stephen A. Douglas split land into Kansas(s) & Nebraska(n) repealing the Miss.Comp line + land practiced popular sovereignty, showed the growing divide

Bleeding Kansas

settlers flooded in to influence in popular sovereignty & in these attempts figting broke out

Border ruffians (Kansas issue)

 Pro Slavery Missourians crossed the border in attempts to have a pro slavery legislature

John Brown situation (Bleeding Kansas) ***

actions in retaliation to pros who attacked : him + sons + others attacked pro farmers killing 5 (Pierce did nun & tensions kept rising)

Caning of Charles Sumner 1856

Charles speech: demanded Kansas to be free + insulted Andrew Butler SO AB nephew Preston Brooks beat Sumner with his cane (no relative punishment) CS=n hero PB=S hero

Whigs disperse

scared of immigration-joined Know nun

support slavery- joined Democratic Party

opposed slavery-formed Republican Party

Republican Party & 3rd Party System

by ex whigs no slavery reaction to the kansas & Nebraska act + Fugitive slave law got more ppl after BK 2nd biggest party stictly N or sectional succses alienated + threatened the S

Election of 1856

Republican test nominee-John C.Fermont no expansion of slavery + free homesteads for probusiness protective tariff. Demo nomimie James Buchan Won but it placed reps for ppl to see

The Lecompton Constitution

Under Buchanan Kansas submitted a pro-slavery constitution by S Lecompton asked congress to accept the doc & admit Kansas SS BUT it was rejected & later the pro doc was rejected by Kansas settlers

Dred Scott Decision 1857

Slave in Missouri taken with his master to free land after his master died he sewed for freedom bc he lived in free land fist by lower court he was free state said recheck SC no grounds bc he was not a citien and more like property to the wife & the constitution could not take away property (MC unconstitutional bc it excluded the land he was free in)

Significance of the Dred Scott Case

S democrats happy & N Republicans mad

Made the parts to the W land open to slavery 

Republicans called the decision as the greatest crime in the annals of the republic 

right after Buchanan inauguration N suspected Democrats+SC of already having a decision to the case

John Brown & Harpers Ferry

radical abolitionist killed 5 farmers in Kansas 1856 tried to start a uprising of slaves so 1859 led some ppl to attack arsenal Harpers Ferry & use the guns to arm VA slaves expecting a revolt BUT they were caught & divided N moderates & abolitionist yay S-threat

Lincoln Douglas Debate

L- moderate against the expansion of slavery emphasizing the moral issue emerged as a national figure & leading contender for R nominee of 1860

D- argued slavery existed bc N also participated (laws) won his reelection in the senate but lost grounds in his party alienated by the S Democrats

1860 Election

Democratic Paryt broke bc of nominies and their ideas S warned that they would leave if Lincon won & he did

Lincons Nomination

free soil (no s in new lands)+ protective tariff for the industry + free land for homesteaders + internal improvements (to encourage W settlement ie) railroad to the pacific + immigrant rights

Fourth Political Party

fear of R win Whigs+Knun+moderate Demo =Constitutional Union Party nominating John Bell to enforce laws & keep strict constitution to keep the union tog

Secession 1860

S convention to secede after the election Carol, Georgia, FL, Alabama, Missisipi, Loui, TX left arguing the “right” to defend slavery

Secession 1861

Confederate States of America created constitution ideas  the same BUT confederacy limited the govs power to impose tariffs & restrict slavery 

President- JEfferson Davis VP- Alexander Stephen

Crittenden Compromise

BUchan (pre L) did nun so Congress as a last effort proposed a amendmend gareentieng the right to hold slaves in land below the MC line BUT Lincon said no bc of his party & S thought they were figting against tyranny of N rule + Lincon would not fight them

Lincoln's inauguration 1861

assured S that he would not touch slavery but warned that no state had the right to break up the Union & if anyone did they would be against the U

April 1861 Fort Sumter 

US gov fort loc in S carol ran low on supplies so he sent a relief Confederated bombarded the fort and it was surrendered to the S

Secession of the upper South

After it became clear L would use troops to defend the Union Virginia, N Carol, Tennessee & Arkansas seceded & joined the Confederacy

Union Slave States

Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky & Missouri remain in the union as slave states W VA would become a state in 1862 and stay on the side of the Union

Lincoln's goal military & political

Keep the border states in the Union (if they were lost the Confederacy population would inc bu 50% & weaken the N position) & to avoid losing them he rejected calls for emancipation