BISC FINAL FLASHCARDS

Structures of the upper respiratory system

upper includes the sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx

Structures of the lower respiratory system

lower includes lungs trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

Functions of the respiratory system

Provides oxygen, extracts energy from food, exhales carbon dioxide, regulates acid-base balance.

Role of the nasal cavity

Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air, trapping particles with cilia and mucus.

Function of the sinuses

Warm and moisten inhaled air.

Purpose of the pharynx

Acts as a passageway for air.

Role of the larynx

Allows air to pass to the lower respiratory system while preventing other materials from entering.

Trachea's function

Main airway conducting air from the larynx to the bronchi.

Role of bronchi

Conducts air from the trachea to each lung.

Function of bronchioles

Conducts air to alveoli and adjusts airflow in the lungs.

Lungs' primary function

Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air.

Function of alveoli

Provides immense internal surface area for gas exchange.

Inhalation process

Air moves into the lungs as the thoracic cavity's volume increases due to diaphragm and intercostal muscle contraction.

Exhalation process

Air moves out of the lungs when diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, decreasing thoracic cavity volume.

Components of gas transport

External respiration, gas transport by blood, internal respiration.

How oxygen is transported in blood

Oxygen binds to hemoglobin, forming oxyhemoglobin.

Location of the respiratory control center

Situated in the medulla, involved in managing breathing patterns.

Effect of increased carbon dioxide on breathing

It stimulates an increased breathing rate.

Symptoms of common cold

Lasts 1-2 weeks, transmitted by contaminated objects and touching mucous membranes.

Asthma symptoms

Wheezing, difficulty breathing, persistent airway inflammation.

Influenza compared to common cold

More severe symptoms, with vaccines offering 60-70% effectiveness.

Pneumonia treatment

Inflammation of the lungs usually treated with antibiotics.

Signs of tuberculosis

Coughing, chest pain, coughing up blood; treated with antibiotics.

Cystic fibrosis characteristics

Lung disorder causing thick mucus, leading to infections; managed with antibiotics.

Definition of COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder including bronchitis and emphysema, primarily caused by tobacco.

Lung cancer cause and treatment

Caused by smoking; treated through chemotherapy and surgery, but generally incurable.

Definition of sleep

Altered state of consciousness with limited interaction with surroundings and active brain function.

Importance of quality sleep

Maintains brain pathways, creates memories, and removes toxins.

Health issues associated with lack of sleep

Correlated with high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and obesity.

What regulates sleep?

Complex interaction among the SNC, hypothalamus, brainstem, thalamus, basal forebrain, and amygdala.

Stages of sleep

Stage 1, 2, 3, and REM sleep; each unique in brain activity and physiological changes.

Typical sleep recommendation for adults

Adults aged 18-60 years should aim for 7 or more hours of sleep.

What is blue light?

Type of visible light with short wavelengths and high energy, part of the visible spectrum.

Sources of blue light

Sunlight, laptops, smartphones, tablets, and fluorescent bulbs.

Impact of blue light on sleep patterns

Boosts attention and mood but can interfere with sleep.

Effect of blue light on melatonin

Suppresses melatonin production, affecting sleep onset and quality.

Tips for reducing blue light exposure at night

Use blue light filters, follow the 20-20-20 rule, and manage screen distance and posture.