Organic Chemistry (Module 1)

prelims

organic

derived from living organisms

Organic Chemistry

The study of Carbon compounds

Vitalism

A belief that natural products needed a “vital force” to be made

Jons Jakob Berzelius (1808)

first person to use the term ‘organic’

Michel Chevruel (1816)

he discovered that soap could be separated into several pure organic compounds, termed as ‘fatty acids’

Friedrich Wohler (1828)

Converted an inorganic salt into an “organic” substance or the urea. Regarded as the father of organic chemistry

urea

H2NCONH2

Marcellin Bertholt

he showed that all classes of organic compound could be synthesized form inorganic compounds, leading to the disappearance of the VFT

Friderich August Kekule (1858)

he discovered that Carbon has a valence of 4 and can bond with it self.

Catenation

Bonding of atom with the same element together in a series, forming a chain.

Gilbert N. Lewis (1916)

He introduced the concept of electron sharing, also called as a covalent bond.

Gilbert N. Lewis (1923)

he states that molecule that accepts electron is called acid, and a molecule that donates electron is called base.

Erick Huckel

He developed theories about bonding and orbitals. And discovered the nature of C = C

0.027%

percentage of Carbon in the earth’s crust

Graphite

soft, black slippery solid having metallic luster and conducts electricity.

2.25 g/cm³

density of Graphite

Diamond

it is the hardest mineral, and can be lab grown

3.51g/cm³

density of Diamond

Buckminsterfullerene (Buckyball)

a molecular form of carbon, consisting of C60

20 hexagons and 12 pentagons

number of hexagons and pentagons in a buckyball

Carbon Black

used as a pigment in black inks, paints, plastics; reinforcing filler in tires and other rubber products

Charcoal

Formed when wood is heated in absence of Air

Coke

high carbon content, few impurities used as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore, manufacture of water gas (CO+H2)

H, O, N, S, P, and halogens (F, Cl, Br, I)

Non metals often present in organic substances

Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu, Pt, Na, K

Metals commonly found in organic compounds