OSI Model

Application Layer

Provides the interface for end-user applications to access network services

Presentation Layer

Translates, compresses, and encrypts/decrypts data for application layer

Session Layer

Establishes, manages, and terminates connections between applications

Transport Layer

Provides reliable end-to-end data delivery and manage segmentation and reassembly

Network Layer

Handles logical addressing (IP addresses) and routing of data packets across different networks.

Data Link Layer

Provides error-free transmission between nodes on the same network using physical addressing (MAC addresses).

Physical Layer

Deals with the physical transmission medium (cables, radio waves) and electrical/optical signaling of raw binary data (bits).