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Cornea
Light enters the eye through this transparent structure; aids focusing
Iris
Controls amount of light entering the eye
Pupil
A hole in the opening of the center of the iris
Lens
This structure changes shape to focus incoming images on the retina
Retina
Tissue lining the back of the eye containing rods and cones
Rods
Photoreceptors for colorless vision in dim conditions
Cones
Photoreceptors for color vision in well-lit conditions
Bipolar cells
receive input from receptor cells (rods & cones)
Ganglion cells
Axons of these cells form the optic nerve. Recieve input from bipolar cells.
Optic Nerve
Carries visual information to the brain. Creates a “blind spot” where it exits the eye.
Optic Chiasm
Where optic nerves from each eye meet and cross over the opposite hemisphere.
Visual Cortex
The part of the occipital lobe that receives visual information.
What order number is the cornea?
1
What order number is the iris?
2
What order number is the pupil?
3
What order number is the lens?
4
What order number is the retina?
5
What order number are the rods?
6
What order number are the cones?
6
What order number are bipolar cells?
7
What order number are the ganglion cells?
8
What order number is the optic nerve?
9
What order number is the optic chiasm?
10
What order number is the visual cortex?
11
Dark Adaptation
increased sensitivity of rods & cones in darkness
Light Adaptation
decreased sensitivity of rods & cones in bright light
Afterimage
sense experience that occurs after a visual stimulus has been removed
Properties of color
Hue, Saturation, Brightness
Hue
refers to color
Saturation
vividness of hue
Brightness
the nearness of the color to white
Additive color mixing
mixing of lights of different hues
The primary colors of additive color mixing?
Red, Green, Blue Lightwaves→ combine to form white
Subtractive color mixing
mixing of pigment, involves what’s being absorbed and reflected
The primary colors of subtractive color mixing?
Red, Yellow, Blue→ combine to form black/brown
Trichromatic Theory
3 different cones (Red, Green, Blue Violet) and the experience of color is the result of mixing of the signals from these receptors
What can the trichromatic theory explain?
It can account for some types of colorblindness
Who came up with the Trichromatic theory?
Hermann Helmholtz
Opponent-process theory
3 pairs of color receptors (Yellow-blue, Red-green, Black-white) where members of each pair work in opposition
What can the opponent-process theory explain?
Can explain color afterimages
What percent of men are colorblind?
10%
What percent of women are color blind?
1%
Dichromats
People who are blind to either Red-green or Blue-yellow
Monochromats
people who see no color at all, only shades of light & dark
What form of color blindness to most mammals have?
Most other mammals are dichromats
What form of color blindness do rodents have?
Tend to be monochromats
What form of color blindness do owls have?
Monochromats, they only have rods
What form of color vision do bees have?
They can see ultraviolet light
Where is the fovea?
center of the visual field, right behind lens
Fovea
brings things into focus → Visual Acuity
Blind spot
the spot with no cones or rods in the optic nerve
How many rods are there?
About 12 million
Where are rods found?
outside the fovea, in retina
Where are cones found?
Found mainly in fovea
How many cones are there?
About 8 million
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