Unit 9 Overview USDC

Booker T. Washington

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. \n Tuskegee institute \n 1st African American to eat with Roosevelt \n Published "Up For Slavery" \n Education was the key

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business. \n Handled the Boston Police Strike \n Administrative minimalism \n By 1928, only 2% of Americans paid any income tax \n Last president to reduce spending

Franklin D Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII \n Hyde Park, New York, married his 5th cousin, Theodore Roosevelt's niece \n West to Harvard \n Stricken with Polio and reduced to a wheelchair \n NY politician/state senator, eventual governor \n Gift for communications \n Rallied the spirit of the American people => Great Depression, and WWII \n Fireside chats \n The 'New Deal' which were a series of policy proposals and legislation from 1933 to 1941 \n Reassures people \n Hundred Days' Legislation \n Tennessee Valley Authority: LCRA of up there \n Served as president for 13 years

Herbert Hoover

Westbranch, Iowa => Oregon @ 11 yo \n Mechanically minded \n First student to attend Stanford: scheduled "The Big Game" \n Mining engineer in London \n Considered to have failed to deal with the Great Depression \n Created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation \n Money used for public projects \n Worked in Australia/China \n Created process to recover zinc from ore \n Lectored @ Columbia & Stanford \n His wife, Lon, and himself made an English translation of an old mining text \n Helped about 100,000 Americans make it back from Europe during WW1 \n Distributed food to Europe \n Organized conservation program \n Became Harding's Secretary of Commerce \n Standardized radio broadcasting, traffic laws \n Led relief effort in the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 \n FIMA

Louis Armstrong

"Satchmo" \n Grew up in New Orleans \n Learned to play the cornet at the Colored Waifs home \n Influenced by King Oliver \n Scat singing \n Actor in "New Orleans" \n Autobiographies: "Satchmo: My Life in New Orleans," and "Swing that Music"

Marcus Garvey

Jamaican, moved to Harlem \n Founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association \n Published the "Negro World" \n Became associated with Black nationalism \n Pioneer of pan-Africanism \n Establishes Black Star Line \n "Black Moses" \n Deported to Jamaica

W.E.B. du Bois

NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People \n negro/colored \n Harvard- PhD \n Editor of "The Crisis" \n "Souls of Black Folks" \n After WWII, he joined the Communist party then went into exile, left the country, then moved to Ghana

Warren Harding

Marion Star newspaper \n U.S. senator from Ohio \n Republican \n Front porch campaign: "Return to Normalcy" \n During his presidency, the economy recovered from the 1919 recession, unemployment was cut in half, Emergency Quota Act limited immigration to 3% of the 1910 census, Teapot Dome Scandal, Nan Britton

Woody Guthrie

Folk singer \n "This Land is Our Land"

100 Days Legislation

FDR pushed a bunch of legislation through on the first 100 days of being in office \n Emergency Relief Banking Act \n Glass Steagall Act \n Emergency Conservation Works Act \n Agricultural Adjustment \n Tennessee Valley Authority \n National Industrial REcovery Act

Assembly Line

Popularized by Ford \n Efficient system

Atlanta Compromise

Booker T. Washington \n Classic statement on race relations

Back to Africa Movement

Encouraged those of African decent to return to Africa to their ancestors so that they could have their own empire because they were treated poorly in America.

Bank Holiday

closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen \n Emergency Relief Banking Act

Black Star Line

Shipping line created by Marcus Garvey to get blacks back to Africa.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Bonus Army

Veterans wanted their bonus checks, parked in Hoover's backyard, Hoover got the military to kick them out.

Boston Police Strike

3/4 of Boston's fifteen thousand policemen went on strike and for a few days the streets belonged to rioters; Governor Calvin Coolidge called out the Mass. National Guard which restored order and broke the strike

Boulder Dam

Dam on the Colorado River built during the Depression to create jobs \n Hoover Dam \n Public Works Corporation

Direct Relief

\n Direct relief went to those in immediate and desperate need; however, work relief, that is, work on government projects in exchange for relief payments, was initiated in order to allow unemployed workers the dignity of working for a wage, however small

Dust Bowl

Time of starvation and widespread devastation in the Great Basin/ middle America \n The Grapes of Wrath were written during this time period \n Many moved to California

Emergency Relief Banking Act

The treasury department inspected all banks before they were allowed to reopen

\n Fireside chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Front Porch Campaign

Method Harding used to campaign for president \n Got it from McKinley

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Great Mississippi Flood of 1927

the most destructive river flood in the history of the United States, with 27,000 square miles inundated up to a depth of 30 feet. To prevent future floods, the government built the world's longest system of levees and floodways. Many African-Americans displaced from their homes along the Lower Mississippi River started a large migration North to the industrial cities

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

L.A. Aqueduct

California's first long-distance water delivery project. Built under William Mulholland's direction. Major feat of engineering because it only used gravity to transport water.

NAACP

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans. \n Founded by W.E.B. du Bois

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression. \n FDR's proposals for legislature \n Hundred Days Legislation \n Social Security Act \n Glass Steagall Act, Securities Act, Emergency Conservation Works Act, Agricultural Adjustment Act, Tennessee Valley Authority Act \n National Industrial Recovery Act

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Public Works Projects

Put into effect by \n Put people into jobs

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Red Scare

fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life \n Palmer Raids

Return to Normalcy

Harding's campaign slogan, wanting to go back to how things were before the war

San Francisco Bay Bridge

Provided workers with jobs \n Part of the New Deal \n Public Works Administration

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high.

Social Security

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Tennessee Valley Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

The Crisis

Written by W.E.B. du Bois \n Magazine

The Negro World

was a weekly newspaper, established in 1918 in New York City that served as the voice of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and African Communities League founded by Marcus Garvey in 1914.

The New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

Universal Negro Improvement Association

A Harlem-based group, led by charismatic, Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey, that arose in the 1920s to mobilize African American workers and champion black separatism.