Studied by 38 people
Copernicus
reasoned that planets revolve around sun
Johannes Kepler
used math to find laws that govern planetary movement
Galileo Galilei
built his own telescope, disproved perfect surface theory, supported Copernicus
Issac Newton
single theory of motion, the same force rules all motion on earth, degree of attraction depends on mass and distance
Voltaire
used satire, tolerance, freedom of religion/speech
Montesquieu
political liberty, separation of powers, checks and balances
Rousseau
individual freedoms, people give up some freedoms for common good, direct democracies, all people are equal
Beccaria
Punishment fits crime, speedy trial, laws exist to preserve social order
Mary Wollstonecraft
women need education to be virtuous and useful
Thomas Hobbes
all humans are naturally evil and wicked, best gov is an absolute monarchy to keep citizens in control
John Locke
people can learn and improve, all are born free, gov power comes from people’s consent, and gov protects rights of people
Natural Rights
Life, Liberty, and Property
Salons
social gatherings for discussing Enlightenment ideals
Reason
Truth is discovered through reason and/or logical thinking
Nature
natural things are good and reasonable
Happiness
people should seek well being on earth
Progress
society and humankind can improve
Liberty
Bill of Rights/personal freedoms of citizens
Aristotle
Created the geocentric theory, theorized moon and stars had a perfect surface
Ptolemy
Reinforced the geocentric theory in the second century.
Tycho Brahe
Recorded planet movements for years, recorded large amounts of data
Francis Bacon
Encouraged scientists to experiment, and come to their own conclusions (Experimental method)
Rene Descartes
Reasoned everything should be doubted until proved by (mathematical) reasoning (Strict reasoning→truths)
Zacharais Jassen
Created first microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Observed bacteria and red blood cells
Evangelista Torricelli
Developed mercury barometer, for measuring pressure in atmosphere and weather prediction
Gabrial Farenheit
First mercury thermometer, showed water freezing at 32℉
Anders Celsius
Created thermometer scale that showed water freezing at 0℃
Andreas Vesalius
Dissected human corpses, made detailed drawings of human anatomy
Edward Jenner
Created world’s first vaccination with cowpox
Robert Boyle
Proposed that matter was made of particles, and showed how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other using equations
Scientific Revolution
new way of thinking about natural world, caused by Renaissance, lasted from 1543-1687
The Enlightenment
intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and individual power to solve problems, aka "Age of Reason”, lasted from 1685-1815, peaked in mid 1700s
Main causes of Scientific Revolution
The Renaissance and Age of Exploration
The Renaissance
revival of the arts and literature in 14-16th centuries
Effects of Scientific Revolution
new methods of thinking and experimentation, improvements in the fields of medicine, astronomy, and chemistry, less dependence on the church, people deciding to find out things for themselves instead of being told what to believe as fact, and The Enlightenment
Effects of The Enlightenment
ideas became the basis/insp. of governments started by revolutionary movements (american revolution), enlightened despots, and more secularism, belief in progress, importance of individuals
Insp. for “Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness”
Locke inspired?
Insp. for separate branches of gov
Montesquieu inspired?
Insp. for Bill of Rights
Voltaire, Rousseau, Beccaria inspired?
Denis Diderot
wrote “Encyclopedia”
Neoclassical art
“new classical”
Classical composers
Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
Frederick the Great of Prussia
"first servant of state”
Joseph II of Austria
abolished serfdom, freedom of press/worship
Catherine the Great of Russia
limited reforms, expanded russian empire
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Flashcard (42)