Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment Thinkers

read the title

Copernicus

reasoned that planets revolve around sun

Johannes Kepler

used math to find laws that govern planetary movement

Galileo Galilei

built his own telescope, disproved perfect surface theory, supported Copernicus

Issac Newton

single theory of motion, the same force rules all motion on earth, degree of attraction depends on mass and distance

Voltaire

used satire, tolerance, freedom of religion/speech

Montesquieu

political liberty, separation of powers, checks and balances

Rousseau

individual freedoms, people give up some freedoms for common good, direct democracies, all people are equal

Beccaria

Punishment fits crime, speedy trial, laws exist to preserve social order

Mary Wollstonecraft

women need education to be virtuous and useful

Thomas Hobbes

all humans are naturally evil and wicked, best gov is an absolute monarchy to keep citizens in control

John Locke

people can learn and improve, all are born free, gov power comes from people’s consent, and gov protects rights of people

Natural Rights

Life, Liberty, and Property

Salons

social gatherings for discussing Enlightenment ideals

Reason

Truth is discovered through reason and/or logical thinking

Nature

natural things are good and reasonable

Happiness

people should seek well being on earth

Progress

society and humankind can improve

Liberty

Bill of Rights/personal freedoms of citizens

Aristotle

Created the geocentric theory, theorized moon and stars had a perfect surface

Ptolemy

Reinforced the geocentric theory in the second century.

Tycho Brahe

Recorded planet movements for years, recorded large amounts of data

Francis Bacon

Encouraged scientists to experiment, and come to their own conclusions (Experimental method)

Rene Descartes

Reasoned everything should be doubted until proved by (mathematical) reasoning (Strict reasoning→truths)

Zacharais Jassen

Created first microscope

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Observed bacteria and red blood cells

Evangelista Torricelli

Developed mercury barometer, for measuring pressure in atmosphere and weather prediction

Gabrial Farenheit

First mercury thermometer, showed water freezing at 32℉

Anders Celsius

Created thermometer scale that showed water freezing at 0℃

Andreas Vesalius

Dissected human corpses, made detailed drawings of human anatomy

Edward Jenner

Created world’s first vaccination with cowpox

Robert Boyle

Proposed that matter was made of particles, and showed how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other using equations

Scientific Revolution

new way of thinking about natural world, caused by Renaissance, lasted from **1543-1687**

The Enlightenment

intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and individual power to solve problems, aka "Age of Reason”, lasted from **1685-1815**, peaked in mid 1700s

Main causes of Scientific Revolution

The Renaissance and Age of Exploration

The Renaissance

revival of the arts and literature in 14-16th centuries

Effects of Scientific Revolution

new methods of thinking and experimentation, improvements in the fields of medicine, astronomy, and chemistry, less dependence on the church, people deciding to find out things for themselves instead of being told what to believe as fact, and The Enlightenment

Effects of The Enlightenment

ideas became the basis/insp. of governments started by revolutionary movements (american revolution), enlightened despots, and more secularism, belief in progress, importance of individuals

Insp. for “Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness”

Locke inspired?

Insp. for separate branches of gov

Montesquieu inspired?

Insp. for Bill of Rights

Voltaire, Rousseau, Beccaria inspired?

Denis Diderot

wrote “Encyclopedia”

Neoclassical art

“new classical”

Classical composers

Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven

Frederick the Great of Prussia

"first servant of state”

Joseph II of Austria

abolished serfdom, freedom of press/worship

Catherine the Great of Russia

limited reforms, expanded russian empire