Anatomy Lab 2- Blood

55

Plasma is about __% of blood by volume

92, 8

About ____ H20 and ___% proteins and other molecules

plasma

Least dense component

Buffy coat

Leukocytes and platelets, less than 1% of whole blood

Erythrocytes

45% of whole blood

Most dense component

buffy coat and erthryocyes

formed elements

60%

Albumin percentage

Albumin

maintains osmotic pressure in capillaries, carries other molecules through the blood

36%

Globulin percentage

globulin

transport binding proteins and some types of antibodies

4%

Fibrinogen percentage

important for blood clotting

Fibrinogen

45

Erythrocytes are approximately ____% of blood by volume

4-6 million/microliter

Erythrocyte million/microL

tissue hypoxia (low oxygen)

Too few blood cells

viscous blood

Too many blood cells

increases surface area

Why are RBC small biconcave discs shape so important?

oxygen carrier

hemoglobin

1 billion

Each erythrocyte has enough hemoglobin to carry ______ molecules of oxygen

binds oxygen

Heme group does what

Hematopoiesis

Erythrocytes are formed through

the red bone marrow

Hematopoiesis takes place in

erythropoietin

Hematopoiesis production is stimulated by

hormone that stimulates red bone marrow to make more RBC

Erythroprotein

120

RBC last about ____ days before being recycled

RBC, platelets, WBC

Formed elements

150,000-400,000 microliters

Platelet count

megakaryocytes

Platelets are fragments of

10 days

Platelets live about

blood clotting

platelets are important for

less than 1% of blood by volume. 5,000-10,000/microliter

Leukocytes size

leukopoeisis

Hormones and other stressors can stimulate their production in bone marrow known as

diapedesis

leukocytes leaving the blood (to enter tissues to mount an immune response)

Granulocytes

multi-lobed nuclei, granules in cytoplasm

Neutrophils

most abundunt WBC, 50-70%, nucleus has between 3-5 lobes

increase in number during acute bacterial infections such as appendicitis

Neutrophils clinical significance

leukopenia

Low WBC count

leukocytosis

High WBC count

Eosinophils

1-4% of WBC, nucleus often bi-lobed

increased eosinophils may indicate allergic conditions or parasitic infections

eosinophils clinical significance

basophils

less than 1% of WBC, large U or S shaped nucleus stains blue in presence of basic dyes, can release histamine and heparin

release histamine to promote inflammation and also heparin to prevent clotting. very important to the immune response

Basophils clinical significance

Arangulocytes

More abundant in lymphoid tissue than in blood. They contain no granules in their cytoplasm, and their nuclei are less abnormal in shape.

Lymphocytes

20-30% of WBC, smallest WBC, nucleus is generally spherical

increased amounts seen with almost all general immune system responses

Lymphocytes clinical significance

contact killing, generally attack viruses

T cells

often more active against bacteria, antibody production

B-cells

Monocytes

3-8% of WBC. Largest of WBC. Nucleus is generally kidney shaped. It is avoracious phagocyte that acts in long-term cleanup of chronic infections (i.e.mononucleosis)

voracious phagocyte that acts in long-term cleanup of chronic infection (tuberculosis) also increased during viral infections

monocytes clinical significance

neutrophilis, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

Most abundant to least leukocytes

Has A antigen on RBC and B antibody in plasma

Type A Blood

Has B antigen on RBC and A antibody in plasma

Type B Blood

Has A and B antigen on RBC and no antibodies in plasma.

Type AB

Has neither antigen on RBC and Both Antibodies in plasma

Type O

Agglutination

clumping of red blood cells

85%, Rh antigen present on RBC

Rh+

15%, Rh antigen not present on RBC

Rh-

hemolysis and possibly death

agglutination can cause

RhoGAM

Used to prevent an immune response to Rh positive blood in people with an Rh negative blood type

5 - 6 x 106 cells/μL

Male average RBC count

4 - 5 x 106

Female average RBC count

is the percentage of blood volume that is RBC

Hematocrit

Male range 44-52%

Male hematocrit

Female range 38-48%

Female hematocrit range

Anemia

a reduction of the delivery of O2 to tissues caused either by having toofew RBC or not enough hemoglobin in the circulating blood

Polycythemia

is an abnormally high density of RBC, can lead to overexertion ofthe heart and vessel clogging.