Module 5 Bisc 110

Ole Miss

what do white blood cells do?

fight infection

what do activated helper T cells differentiate into?

effector cells and memory cells

what chemical do basophils release to cause inflammation?

histamine

what is the term for different versions of a gene?

alleles

what is an antigen?

a molecule that stimulates an immune reaction

what is an example of a polygenic trait influenced by the environment?

skin color

what is an example of codominance in humans?

blood type

what is codominance?

a genetic inheritance pattern where two different alleles of a gene are expressed equally and produce different traits in an individual

how do cytotoxic T cells attack invaders?

by direct cell-to-cell contact

what is the role of phagocytes/macrophages in the immune system?

they consume pathogens

blood pressure is highest in which type of blood vessel?

arteries

what is autoimmune disease?

a disease where the immune system attacks the body’s own molecules

which of the following is an example of an acute disease?

appendicitis

what do lymph nodes do in the lymphatic system?

remove foreign substances

what is the best way to treat cardiovascular disease?

diet and exercise

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

collects fluid from blood vessels

which hormone primarily regulates the ovarian cycle?

LH and FSH hormones

which of the following is NOT a top 5 chronic disease listed?

influenza

what creates blood pressure in the body?

the heart

what is pleiotropy?

a single gene influences many traits

what is the condition called when blood pressure is too low?

hypotension

what is the effect of a high body temperature during a fever?

it inhibits microbial growth

what is the effect of a dominant allele?

exerts an effect whenever present

what is herd immunity?

protection from a disease when a large percentage of the population is immune

what is the cervix?

the opening of the uterus to the vaginal canal

if an organism has two identical alleles for a trait, it is considered

homozygous

what is the primary function of lymphoid organs?

aid in the circulation of lymphocytes

what tools are used to calculate the probability of a specific genotype in an offspring?

family pedigrees and a Punnett Square

what hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum?

progesterone

what is required for sexual reproduction?

two parents, each contributing a haploid gamete

when you have your blood pressure taken, you are given two numbers. What do these numbers represent?

heart relaxation and contraction

what is the role of a macrophage in the immune response?

it engulfs and dismantles bacteria

which of the following is NOT a component of the first line of defense?

antibodies

where do macrophages travel to initiate the adaptive response?

lymph node

which pattern does not always follow the dominant masks recessive rule?

incomplete dominance

what is the function of the prostate gland?

provides alkaline fluid that activates sperm to swim

who is considered the father of modern genetics?

Gregor Mendel

what is the purpose of a vaccine?

to stimulate active immunity without causing illness

which of the following is a preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

use of tobacco products

what is the function of antibodies in humoral immunity?

they inactivate pathogens and make them more obvious to macrophages

what does pedigree analysis depict?

family relationships and phenotypes

which of the following statements is true about antibiotics?

antibiotics do NOT work against viruses

which organ in the female reproductive system is responsible for producing sex hormones and egg cells?

ovary

where are sperm cells matured and stored?

epididymis

what is plaque made of?

fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances

what is the first line of defense in the innate immune system?

physical and chemical barriers

what is the endometrium?

a specialized tissue that thickens and is shed each month

what is the role of chromosomes in genetics?

to pass traits from parents to offspring

what is the role of lymphocytes in the immune system?

coordinate immune responses and attack virus-infected or cancerous cells

where does oogenesis occur in the female body?

in the ovaries

which type of cells destroy cancerous or virus-infected cells?

natural killer cells

what is a punnett square used for?

calculating the liklihood of a trait expressed in an offspring

what is atherosclerosis?

a chronic inflammatory disease

what are parts of the innate immune response?

1. skin

2. high levels of histamine

3. macrophages

what are parts of the adaptive immune system?

1. antibodies

2. the secondary immune response against a pathogen

what is a part of the adaptive and innate immune response?

interleukins being released into the bloodstream

what is used in the hepatitis B vaccine?

antigens from the surface of the virus

if a vaccinated individual is then exposed to a virus, what happens?

a secondary immune response is triggered

what is the function of cytotoxic T cells?

destroy damaged of virus-infected cells

what is the function of B cells?

secrete antibodies

what is the function of basophils?

releases histamine

which part of the male reproductive system carries both semen and urine?

urethra

which part of the male reproductive system connects the vas deferens with the urethra?

ejaculatory duct

which part of the male reproductive system produces sperm cells?

testis

which part of the male reproductive system secretes most seminal fluid?

seminal vesicle

which part of the female reproductive system contracts during childbirth?

uterus

which part of the female reproductive system is the birth canal?

the vagina

which part of the female reproductive system implants the preembryo?

endometrium

which part of the female reproductive system cues oxytocin release by stretching?c

the cervix

when fertilization occurs inside a woman’s body, how many sperm cells fertilize an egg cell?

one sperm cell

what is incomplete dominance?

a genetic inheritance pattern where neither allele for a trait is completely dominant