Social-Emotional Development Across the Lifespan

ecological systems theory

a theory that explores how a person’s environment influences the development of an individual

microsystem

part of the ecological systems throy. includes other people and groups that an individual has direct interactions with

mesosystem

the relaitonships between different microsystems in an individual’s life. (like how your parents views your friends)

exosystem

indirect influences in a person’s life (government)

macrosystem

“big picture system”

has society, societal values, laws, customs, cultural beliefs

chronosystem

deals with the changes that occur throughout an individual’s life and the timeframe in which an individual lives in

authoritarian parent

the parenting style with strict rules, little room for discussion, and often consists of punishment to enforce the rules

permissive parenting

parenting style where children have fewer rules and expectations. children have a lot of freedom and parents avoid setting limits on children

negligent parent

parents who are completely uninvolved in their children’s lives, playing little to no role in their life of the child

authoritative parent

parenting with rules, but they have room for discussion in the rules

secure attachment

results in the child feeling comfortable exploring new places with a caregiver nearby

avoidant attachment

children with this attachment style tend to ignore their parents or caregivers, showing little emotion when their parent leaves them or returns to them

anxious attachment

aka ambivalent or resistant. chidlren with this attachment style are overly dependent on their parents and show extreme distress when separated

disorganized attachment

children with this attachment have often experienced inconsistent or possibly even frightening caregiving.

temperament

a child’s personality traits

easy temperament

the child is generally calm and adaptable, resulting in them forming secure attachments more easily

difficult temperament

the child would have larger emotional attachments and often difficult to soothe

separation anxiety

when the child feels nervous, upset, or fearful about being away from their caregiver

parallel play

young children play next to each other rather than directly with each other

pretend play

when children create imaginary worlds and stories, acting out scenarios with toys, objects, and other children

egocentrism

focus on their own perspective rather than other people’s

imaginary audience

teens feeling like everyone is watching and judging them

personal fable

the belief that an individual’s experiences are unique and no one else can fully understand what they’re going through

foreclosure

when a person has a high degree of commitment to a particular identity or idea without exploring other possibilities

diffusion

when an individual is not committed to a set idea or identiy and has not explored any possibilities, resulting in a lack of direction

moratorium

when an individual is actively exploring their identity and possible options, however, they do not have a commitment to one particular identity or idea just yet

achievement

when an individual has a set identity and has explored their options

social clock

the societal expectations about when major life events should happen

emerging adulthood

this is when individuals in their early 20s explore their career paths, relationships, and identities all before taking on full adult responsibilities

adverse childhood experiences (ACE)

stressful or traumatic events that occur during a person’s childhood, such as abuse or neglect

erik erikson’s stages of development

has 8 stages, each stage being surrounded around a conflict that a person might go through in their life

trust vs mistrust

1st stage of erikson’s. newborn to 1 year old. if infant’s needs met, they will develop trust with caregivers. if not, mistrust with caregivers.

autonomy vs shame/doubt

2nd stage of erikson’s. when a toddler starts to explore their independence. if encouraged, they start to grow autonomy. if the parents too overprotective or criticize the child too harshly, child would develop shame/doubt

initiatve vs guilt

3rd stage of erikson’s. starts at 3 to about when they are 6. if children supported in their questions and their curiosity, they will take initiative. if not encouraged, they will feel guilt

industry vs inferiority

4th stage of erikson’s. when child enters elementary/middle school. start to compare themselves with others and their family to other’s socioeconomic status. if they are praised for their work, they feel a sense of pride. if they are criticized, they would feel inferior.

identity vs role confusion

5th stage of erikson’s. teenager years. the person tries to explore their identity and personal values. friend groups important. if they able to develop a strong sense of self, they can develop an identity. if they are unable to do so, they would question their purpose in the earth

intimacy vs isolation

6th stage of erikson’s. when they enter adulthood years. trying to look for meaningful relationships, entering careers, and possibly getting maried and starting a family. if able to do so, happiness. if unable to do so, they will become isolated and lonely.

generativity vs stagnation

7th stage of erikson’s. middle adulthood. focus on providing for next generation. success leads the person to feel successful in life and accomplished. if unable to do so, feel stuck

integrity vs despair

8th stage of erikson’s. when individuals reflect on life and think of their accomplishment. if they feel like they have done enough and have little to no regrets, feel fulfilled and accept old age/death. if they do not feel like they have done enough, they will struggle to grasp old age/death