BMS 302 11

total lung capacity equals

IRV + TV+ ERV+ RV

vital capacity equals

IRV + TV+ ERV

functional residual capacity equals

ERV + RV

inspiratory capacity equals

IRV + TV

Tidal volume

amount of air inhaled per breath during normal breathing

inspiratory reserve volume

amount of air that can be inspired above and beyond that inspired during a normal quiet inspiration

expiratory reserve volume

maximal amount of air that can be expired following a normal quiet expiration

residual volume

amount of air left in lungs after a maximal expiratory effort

A represents

tidal volume

B represents

inspiratory reserve volume

D represents

residual volume

A + B + C represents

vital capacity

A + B+ C + D represents

total lung capacity

normal volume for tital volume at rest

0.5 L

normal volume for total lung capacity in men

6 L

normal volume for total lung capacity in women

4.6 L

normal volume for FEV1

75-85%

normal volume for FEV3

>97%

BTPS refers to

body temp, ambient pressure, and saturated gas

the composition of room air is

20.93% O2, 0.04% CO2, and 79% N2

stimulus

changes in blood levels of CO2 and O2

receptors

chemoreceptors located in aortic arch and carotid sinus

afferent pathway

sensory neurons from chemoreceptors to respiratory center

integrator

respiratory center in medulla and pons

somatic efferent pathway

neurons to diaphragm and intercostal muscles

autonomic efferent pathway

SANS and PANS neurons to bronchiole smooth muscle

effectors

bronchiole smooth muscle, diaphragm, intercostal muscles

response

change in VE (breath rate and/or tidal volume) to bring CO2 and O2 levels back toward steady state

in subjects with normal lung function at sea level or moderate altitudes, ____ has the greatest effect on increasing ventilation

hypercapnia

hyperventilation results in ____ levels

• no change in blood O2

• decreased blood CO2

what is the effect of hypocapnia on ventilation

decreases

what is the effect of hypercapnia on ventilation

increases

what is the effect of hypoxia on ventilation

increases

what is the effect of hyperoxia on ventilation

has no effect

what kind of samples can be used to estimate pulmonary capillary blood levels of CO2

Haldane-Priestly end-expiratory samples

Typical values for an end-expiratory sample of gas collected following a one minute breathold might be:

5-6% CO2

The data in the table below was collected from a subject using a small balloon to collect an Haldane-Priestly end-expiratory gas sample. Sample___ represents an end-expiratory sample collected following a breath-hold, sample ___ represents an end-expiratory sample collected following hyperventilation, and sample ___ is the control resting sample.

y, z, x

What happens to O2 levels in blood during a breath-hold

decrease

what happens to CO2 levels in the blood during a breath-hold

increase

Hyperventilation results in _____blood CO2 levels, which ____ breath-hold time, while breath-holding ______ blood CO2 levels resulting in _____ urge to breath.

decreased; increases; increases; an increased

The Sympathetic Nervous System _____ smooth muscle contraction, which _____ diameter and _____ airway resistance.

decreases, increases, decreases

The Paraympathetic Nervous System _____ smooth muscle contraction, which _____ diameter and _____ airway resistance.

increases, decreases, increases

What is the most appropriate type (cholinergic or adrenergic) of agonist and/or antagonist for decreasing airway resistance? Select all appropriate drug classes.

cholinergic antagonists

adrenergic agonists

bronchitis cause

inflammation of airways caused by pollution, smoking, or chronic infection

asthma cause

inflammatory response accompanied by bronchoconstriction

emphysema cause

smoking (in 90% of all cases) ultimately leading to a loss of surface area and air way collapse especially during exhalation

lung cancer cause

heredity and smoking

bronchitis T/P

remove source of irritation

asthma T/P

anti-inflammatory drugs and bronchodilators

emphysema T/P

stop smoking, supplemental O2

lung cancer T/P

surgery