Week 12

This consists of the stomach and duodenum In a biopsy is required to collect bacterial samples from it

Upper G.I.

This consist of the small enlarge intestine and stool can be collected to sample the bacterial populations

Lower G.I.

What are the three important rules of the gut microbiome

Digestion, metabolism, immune system

Why does the upper G.I. track have less bacteria?

Stomach acid, and the rapid movement of food (Peristalsis)

This section of the body has the largest bacterial population, which is typically mutualistic relationships with host

Large intestine

How do most gastrointestinal diseases happen?

Ingestion of contaminated food or water

What type of bacteria is mainly in the large intestine?

anaerobes

Most fecal contamination is associated with __________

Gram - facultative anaerobes

What are the three gram-negative facultative anaerobes associated with fecal contamination?

enteric family, lactose fermenters, non-lactose fermenters

What agar is commonly used to identify the members of the genus enterococcus

Bile esculin agar

What is the bio esculin agar selective and differential for?

Selective - bile inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria, other than enterococcus in some streptococcus species

Differential - If bacteria has the ability to hydrolyze esculin

• if it can hydrolyze esculin, esculetin is formed

The bacteria has the ability to hydrolyze esculin what happens to the media

Media starts as a pale brown, and turns into a dark brown/black if positive

What part of the urogenital track are sterile

Upper urinary tract and bladder

Why are females more likely to get UTIs?

They have a shorter urethra

How many coliforms per milliliter has to be present in order for an infection to occur

100

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

Cystitis

Inflammation of the urethra, a.k.a. UTI

Urethritis

Inflammation of the kidneys

Pyelonephritis

This type of urine sample collection method is necessary, because urine normally becomes contaminated with bacteria during discharge as a urethra, particularly i. females

Clean catch

Typically more than ______ bacteria per ml indicates a UTI

10^5

Spinal needle through the skin to the platter during local anesthesia

Spraining aspiration

What are some things analyzed in a urine sample?

Color, odor, specific gravity, pH, presence of red blood cells, presence of leukocyte esterase, proteins, detection of nitrites, presence of crystals

UTIs are associated with the large number of

Antibiotic resistant urinary tract pathogens

E. coli, Proteus, enterococcus, pseudomonas, serratia, staphylococcus are common causative agents of

UTI

What is pseudomonas P Agar differential and selective for

Differential - different pseudomonas species produced different pigments

Selective- irgasan Which is an antimicrobial agent in the media that inhibits gram-positive and gram-negative, other than pseudomonas

What two things in the pseudomonas agar promote pigment production

Magnesium chloride and potassium sulfate

This bacteria will appear as isolated colonies, surrounded by a bluish grey zone on the pseudomonas P agar

P. Aeruginosa

What is the McConkey agar plate selective and differential for?

Selective - bio salts and crystal violet, inhibit, gram-positive organisms

Differential - pH indicator and lactose, differentiate lactose fermenters

The breakdown of a sugar that results in the generation of acid, and can result in gas production

Fermentation

This is the indicator on the Mac plate that responds to the drop in pH that companies acid produce from fermentation and changes color

Neutral red

Waste product of protein digestion found in vertebrate urine

Urea

An exoenzyme that hydrolyzes urea to carbon dioxide And ammonia

Urease

Urea broth contains phenol red, which is prepared at a PH of

6.8 (orange or yellow)

Positive = pink