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Chapter 14: Health and Well Being

Behavioral Foundations of Health

  • Health Psychology: addresses factors that influence well-being and illness, as well as measures that can be taken to promote health and prevent illness.

  • Aerobic Exercise: is sustained activity, such as jogging, swimming, and bicycling, that elevates the heart rate and increases the body’s need for oxygen.

  • Type A Behavior Pattern: who tend to live under great pressure and demand much of themselves and others

  • Multimodal Treatments: often combine biological measures (e.g., the use of nicotine patches to help smokers quit) with psychological measures

    • Aversion Therapy

    • Relaxation and Stress-Management Training

    • Self-Monitoring Procedures

    • Coping and Social-Skills

    • Marital and Family Counseling

    • Positive-Reinforcement

  • Harm Reduction:  is a prevention strategy that is designed not to eliminate a problem behavior but rather to reduce the harmful effects of that behavior when it occurs.

  • Transtheoretical Model:  identified six major stages in the change process

    • Precontemplation

    • Contemplation

    • Preparation

    • Action

    • Maintenence

    • Termination

  • Relapse Prevention:  designed to reduce the risk of relapse

  • Abstinence Violation Effect:  in which the person becomes upset and self-blaming over the lapse and views it as proof that he or she will never be strong enough to resist temptation

Stress and Well-Being

  • Stressors:  demanding or threatening situations

  • Stress: a pattern of cognitive appraisals, physiological responses, and behavioral tendencies that occurs in response to a perceived imbalance between situational demands and the resources needed to cope with them

  • Life Event Scales: quantify the amount of life stress that a person has experienced over a given period of time

  • Stress Response: has cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components.

  • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): consists of three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Resilience: Facing Down Adversity

  • Problem-Focused Coping:  strategies attempt to confront and directly deal with the demands of the situation or to change the situation so that it is no longer stressful

  • Emotion-Focused Coping: strategies attempt to manage the emotional responses that result from it

  • Seeking Social Support: turning to others for assistance and emotional support in times of stress.

  • Posttraumatic Growth (PTG):  experience of major positive change following a crisis

Pain and Illness

  • Placebo: physiologically inert substances that have no medicinal value but are thought by the patient to be helpful

  • Endorphins: opiate substances in the brain that reduce pain

Happiness

  • Subjective well-being: people’s emotional responses and their degree of satisfaction with various aspects of their life

  • Hedonic Treadmill:  our capacity to adapt to both good and bad

  • Downward Comparison: seeing ourselves as better off than the standard for comparison

  • Upward Comparison: when we view ourselves as worse off than the standard for comparison

Chapter 14: Health and Well Being

Behavioral Foundations of Health

  • Health Psychology: addresses factors that influence well-being and illness, as well as measures that can be taken to promote health and prevent illness.

  • Aerobic Exercise: is sustained activity, such as jogging, swimming, and bicycling, that elevates the heart rate and increases the body’s need for oxygen.

  • Type A Behavior Pattern: who tend to live under great pressure and demand much of themselves and others

  • Multimodal Treatments: often combine biological measures (e.g., the use of nicotine patches to help smokers quit) with psychological measures

    • Aversion Therapy

    • Relaxation and Stress-Management Training

    • Self-Monitoring Procedures

    • Coping and Social-Skills

    • Marital and Family Counseling

    • Positive-Reinforcement

  • Harm Reduction:  is a prevention strategy that is designed not to eliminate a problem behavior but rather to reduce the harmful effects of that behavior when it occurs.

  • Transtheoretical Model:  identified six major stages in the change process

    • Precontemplation

    • Contemplation

    • Preparation

    • Action

    • Maintenence

    • Termination

  • Relapse Prevention:  designed to reduce the risk of relapse

  • Abstinence Violation Effect:  in which the person becomes upset and self-blaming over the lapse and views it as proof that he or she will never be strong enough to resist temptation

Stress and Well-Being

  • Stressors:  demanding or threatening situations

  • Stress: a pattern of cognitive appraisals, physiological responses, and behavioral tendencies that occurs in response to a perceived imbalance between situational demands and the resources needed to cope with them

  • Life Event Scales: quantify the amount of life stress that a person has experienced over a given period of time

  • Stress Response: has cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components.

  • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): consists of three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Resilience: Facing Down Adversity

  • Problem-Focused Coping:  strategies attempt to confront and directly deal with the demands of the situation or to change the situation so that it is no longer stressful

  • Emotion-Focused Coping: strategies attempt to manage the emotional responses that result from it

  • Seeking Social Support: turning to others for assistance and emotional support in times of stress.

  • Posttraumatic Growth (PTG):  experience of major positive change following a crisis

Pain and Illness

  • Placebo: physiologically inert substances that have no medicinal value but are thought by the patient to be helpful

  • Endorphins: opiate substances in the brain that reduce pain

Happiness

  • Subjective well-being: people’s emotional responses and their degree of satisfaction with various aspects of their life

  • Hedonic Treadmill:  our capacity to adapt to both good and bad

  • Downward Comparison: seeing ourselves as better off than the standard for comparison

  • Upward Comparison: when we view ourselves as worse off than the standard for comparison

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