OB Module

Stages of labor

The process of childbirth divided into three stages: 1) Dilation (cervix dilates to 10 cm), 2) Expulsion (baby delivered), 3) Placental (placenta delivered).

Labor Signs & Symptoms

Regular contractions, bloody show, amniotic sac rupture, urge to push (Stage 2), and placenta delivery within 30 minutes.

Labor Treatment

Monitor vitals, prepare for delivery, support perineum, clear airway for newborn, and manage postpartum bleeding.

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges caused by viral or bacterial infection, more severe in infants and children.

Meningitis Signs & Symptoms

Fever, stiff neck, headache, photophobia, bulging fontanelle (infants), altered LOC, seizures.

Meningitis Treatment

ABCs, oxygen if needed, rapid transport, and minimize stimuli; consider BSI precautions for contagious cases.

Pregnant Physiology

Physiological changes include increased blood volume, decreased BP, faster HR, and pressure on diaphragm and bladder.

Pregnant Physiology Signs & Symptoms

Mild tachycardia, shortness of breath, dizziness when supine, frequent urination.

Pregnant Physiology Treatment

Left lateral recumbent positioning to prevent supine hypotension, monitor vitals, provide oxygen if needed.

Pedi Resuscitation

Emergency interventions for infants/children with inadequate breathing or circulation.

Pedi Resuscitation Treatment

Warm, position airway, dry/stimulate, suction PRN, BVM if HR < 100, chest compressions if HR < 60, rapid transport.

APGAR

A scoring system to evaluate a newborn’s condition at 1 and 5 minutes post birth

APGAR stands for

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration

APGAR Treatment

Resuscitate if low score

PAT

Pediatric A8ssessment tool: Appearance, Work of Breathing, Circulation to Skin.

PAT Signs & Symptoms

Poor tone, abnormal cry, nasal flaring, retractions, cyanosis, mottling.

C-Spine Signs & Symptoms

Neck pain, numbness, paralysis, mechanism of injury suggesting head/neck trauma

C-Spine Treatment

Manual stabilization, C-collar, longboard if needed, prevent movement

Legal Considerations

Includes consent, refusal, mandatory reporting (abuse), documentation, and scope of practice.

Delivery

The process of childbirth including crowning and emergence of the newborn.

Delivery Signs & Symptoms

Contractions close together, crowning, urge to push.

Delivery Treatment

BSI, prepare field, guide delivery, clear airway, stimulate baby, deliver placenta, control bleeding.

Placenta/OB

Placenta delivers oxygen/nutrients to fetus; OB covers pregnancy

Seizures

Abnormal electrical brain activity; can occur in children due to fever (febrile seizures).

Seizures Signs & Symptoms

Jerking, LOC, eye deviation, postictal confusion, fever in febrile seizure.

Seizures Treatment

Protect airway, position safely, oxygen, monitor, transport. Treat fever if febrile.

Meconium

Fetal stool passed in utero; can indicate distress and risk of aspiration.

Meconium Signs & Symptoms

Greenish fluid in amniotic sac, stained newborn skin, respiratory distress.

Meconium Treatment

Suction mouth/nose before first breath if needed; support respirations.

Epistaxis

Nosebleed; can be anterior (common) or posterior (serious).

Epistaxis Treatment

Lean forward, pinch nostrils, apply cold pack, transport if uncontrolled or recurrent.

BSA %

Percent of body surface affected by burns, using Rule of 9s or pediatric charts.

Burn Treatment

Maintain airway, give high-flow oxygen, cool burns with sterile water or saline (only briefly), cover with dry sterile dressing

Reproductive System

Organs involved in human reproduction (e.g., uterus, ovaries, testes).

Reproductive System Signs & Symptoms

Pain, discharge, bleeding, mass or trauma.

Reproductive System Treatment

Manage symptoms, preserve privacy, control bleeding, transport.

Abuse

Physical, sexual, or emotional harm or neglect, especially in children, elderly, or vulnerable adults.

Abuse Signs & Symptoms

Injuries inconsistent with history, fear of caregiver, malnourishment, multiple injuries in various stages.

Abuse Treatment

Treat injuries, document objectively, report per local law, avoid confronting abuser.

Breech Delivery

Buttocks or feet first delivery; a complication requiring urgent transport.

Breech Delivery Signs & Symptoms

Buttocks or feet presenting, prolonged labor, fetal distress.

Breech Delivery Treatment

Rapid transport, allow delivery up to umbilicus, support baby, do not pull, create airway space if head trapped.

Infant Breathing

Infants are obligate nose breathers; respiratory distress is critical.

Infant Breathing Signs & Symptoms

Nasal flaring, retractions, grunting, cyanosis, tachypnea or apnea.

Infant Breathing Treatment

Position airway, suction PRN, BVM if inadequate, oxygen via blow

Vaginal Bleeding

Abnormal bleeding during pregnancy is a medical emergency.

Vaginal Bleeding Signs

Bright red blood, abdominal pain, shock signs, no fetal movement.

Vaginal Bleeding Treatment

Oxygen, left lateral position, pad to monitor bleeding), rapid transport.