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Why did nationalism in the last quarter of the nineteenth century become a narrow creed with limited ends?
Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and were ready to go to war.
What was the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871?
The Balkans, a region of geographical and ethnic variation.
Which empire controlled a large part of the Balkans before the nationalities declared independence?
The Ottoman Empire.
What were the consequences of big power rivalry in the Balkans?
It led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.
How did the First World War affect the social and political situation of India?
It created a new economic and political situation with increased defense expenditure, raised taxes, increased prices, and forced recruitment in rural areas.
What led to widespread anger among the people in rural areas of India during the First World War?
Forced recruitment of soldiers.
What were the agricultural consequences faced by parts of India during the First World War?
Crops failed in many areas, resulting in acute shortages of food.
What influenced the distribution pattern of the Railway network in India?
Physiographic, economic, and administrative factors.
Why did the northern plains provide favorable conditions for railway growth?
They have vast level land, high population density, and rich agricultural resources.
What challenges exist for railway construction in hilly terrains of the peninsular region?
Tracks are laid through low hills, gaps, or tunnels.
Why is railway construction difficult in the Himalayan mountainous regions?
High relief, sparse population, and lack of economic opportunities make it unfavorable.
What geographical features are challenging for railway lines in western Rajasthan and other regions?
Sandy plains, swamps, and forested tracks are difficult for construction.
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