ap human geography | population and migration patterns and processes

population distribution

the pattern of human settlement

population density

a measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area

midlatitudes

regions between 30 and 60 degrees north and south of the equator

where most people live

moderate climates + better soils

low-lying area

relatively low in altitude

where most people live

better soils + make ocean transport more accessible

factors of living location

most people live near lakes or rivers ; for drinking + transportation

social stratification

the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and/or ethnicity

arithmetic population density

dividing a region’s population by its total area

physiological population density

calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land

arable land

land suited for growing crops

carrying capacity

the maximum population an area can support without significant environmental deterioration

agricultural population density

the number of farmers to the area of arable land

redistricting

boundary adjustments that result in smaller urban districts and larger rural areas

a result of urban areas increasing in population and rural areas decreasing in population

infrastructure

the facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activities

examples ; sewer systems, roads, bridges, etc.

overpopulation

having more people than it can support

population pyramid

aka age-sex composition graph

provides information on birth + death rates and economic development

cohort

the age groups/vertical access on a population pyramid

birht deficit

the slowdown of births

baby boom

when hostilities end and peace resumes, birth rate spikes

baby bust

the period of low birth rates following the end of a baby boom

echo

the generation of children of the baby boom, which has a high birth rate

potential workforce

the population expected to work

ages 15-16

dependent population

people under 15 or over 64

dependency ratio

the comparison between the potential workforce (ages 15-64) to the dependent population (below 15 or over 64)

demographic balancing equation

used to describe the future population of a region of any scale

future population = current population + number of births - number of deaths + number of immigrants - number of emigrants

immigrants

people who move into the country

emigrants

people who moved out of the country

crude birth rate (CBR)

the number of live births per year for each 1000 people

total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children who would be born per woman

(childbearing years ; 15 - 49)

life expectancy

the average number of years people live

infant mortality rate

the number of children who died before their first birthday

crude death rate (CDR)

deaths per 1000 people

rate of natural increase

the percentage at which a country’s population is growing or declining

RNA = (CBR - CDR) / 10

population doubling time

the time it will take for a population’s amount to double

demographic transition model

stage 1 ; high stationary

no countries in stage one

stage 2 ; early expanding

birth rate is high as death rates decrease due to improved sanitation + medicine

stage 3 ; late expanding

declining birth + death rate, still overall increasing

stage 4 ; low stationary

low and stable population change

stage 5 ; declining

birth rate falls below death rate

many elderly, less infants

demographic momentum

as countries transition from stage to into stage 4, population will grow for at least one generation because of this

epidemiological transition model

stage 1 ; disease and famine

high death rate + low life expectancy

stage 2 ; receding pandemics

decreasing death rate + increasing life expectancy

stage 3 ; degenerative and human-created diseases

death rate stabilizes at a low level + life expectancy increases

stage 4 ; delayed degenerative diseases

death rate reaches its lowest level + life expectancy peaks

stage 5 ; reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases

life expectancy decreases

malthusian theory

population will outgrow food production, creating a period of crisis where famine and mass starvation would limit population growth

boserup theory

the more people there are, the more hands there are to work for food

additionally, as population and food come close to intersecting, it will stimulate invention that results in more food prpoduction

neo-malthusians

those who believe in mathusian theory still being applicable in the modern day

especially in the sahel region of africa

antinatalist policies

often used by developing countries

government policies that attempt to decrease the number of births of a country

pronatalist policies

used by countries in the 5th stage of demographic transition model

programs designed to increase the fertility rate

migration

the permanent of semipermanentrelocation of people from one place to another

voluntary migration

when people make a choice to migrate

push factors

factors that cause people to move out of a place

pull factors

factors that make people want to move to a destination

immigrant

a person who migrates across an international border with the intention of staying permanently

emigrant

the perspective of the country of the migrant leaving

emigrate

when people migrate away from somewhere

migration transition model

aka zelinsky’s theory

argues that countries in stages 2 and 3 of the demographic transition model experience rapid population growth + overcrowding which limits the economic opportunity and pushes people to stage 4 or 5 countries

intervening obstacles

barriers that make it more difficult for migrants to reach their desired destination

intervening oppurtunities

opportunities migrants encounter en route that disrupt their original migration plan

distance decay

the further apart tow places are, the less likely people will migrate between those places

migrants traveling long distances usually settle in large ___ areas

urban

gravity model of migration

the size and distance between two cities/countries will influence the amount of interactions

the larger the population, the stronger the pull

step migration

a process where migrants reach their final destination through a series of smaller moves

rural-to urban migration

remains constant within countries and between countries

counter migration

each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction

example ; mass migration from Mexico to the usa, and many people moved from the USA to Mexico in reponse

return migration

when immigrants move back to the former home

forced migration

when migrants have no choice but to move

internally displaced persons (idp)

forced migrants that move to another part of the same country

refugee

a forced migrants that crosses an international border

asylum

a protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has legitimate fear of harm or death if they return

internal migration

voluntary migration where people move within a country

transnational migration

voluntary migration where people move from one country to another

chain migration

when people migrate to and settle in a new country, they often move to places people they response with have previously settled (people from home country, family, friends, common culture, etc.)

guest workers

transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn’t available locally

often unskilled jobs + manual labor

most will return home

transhumance

the process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons

guest-worker policies

modern immigration policies that regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a definite amount of time

the worker is expected to renew their work visa or return home after expiration

family reunification policies

policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrates to the country

xenophobia

a strong dislike of people of another culture

remittances

money immigrants send back to family and friends in their home country

brain drain

when migration out of a country is made of many highly skilled people

ethnic enclaves

neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group