History Cold War

What countries were the conferences between

USA UK Soviet Union

Tehran

Nov 1943

Stalin agreed to help US defeat Japan after Nazi Germany defeated

Allies to open up a second front against Germany

Yalta

Feb 1945

Germany pay reperations of $20 billion

Germany divided into 4 sections

Potsdam

July - Aug 1945

Berlin divided in to 4 zones

Truman suspicious of Stalin’s aims for Eastern Europe so he thought atom bomb could be used as leverage

Postdam conference and atom bomb consequences

Arms race - ussr soon created theirs in 1949

Cold war tensions - USA breaking Potsdam agreement

Long Telegram

Communism will destroy Capitalism

Novikov telegram

USA = world domination through capitalism

Consequences of telegrams

Tensions - fear of each other’s ideology’s

Led to Truman Doctrine

usa testing atom bombs

1945 Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Satellite states consequences

Led to Truman Doctrine

Iron Curtain speech by churchill

Truman doctrine

1947

Will support any country threatened by communsim

Turkey and Greece given aid

Consequences of Truman Doctrine

Marshall plan

Cominform

Marshall Plan

1947

Provide financial support $17 billion

Cominform

1947

Total control over satellite states

bans from trading with west

Marshall plan consequences

Satellite states unable to accept aid

Comecon

Comecon

1949

Soviet union supporting communist countries

encouraging trade with each other

Trizonia and new currency

1948

Deutschmark

berlin blockade

1948

Berlin Airlift

1949

average of 4000 tons of supplies flown in each day

planes landing 3-4 minutes

stalin lifting blockade

May 1949

Two seperate states in Germany formed

1949

West germany - federal republic of germany

East Germany - German democratic republic

Western powers form nato

1949

Warsaw pact

1955

USA testing hydrogen bomb

1952

USSR then creates hydrogen bomb

1953

USA with ICBMs

1957

who made Nagy leader in Hungary

1956

Khrushchev

Nagy announces Hungary will leave warsaw pact

1956

Hungarian uprising stats

200k soviet troops

6000 tanks

20k Hungarians killed

Nagy hanged

1956

replaced with kadar

Brain Drain

3 million german refugees in 1958

Berlin Ultimatum

1958

Western troops leave west berlin in 6 months

geneva convention

1959

Camp David

1959

face to face

USSR withdraws ultimatum

Paris summit

1960

U2 spy plane shot down

Eisenhower doesnt apologise

Vienna

1961

Ultimatum renewed

no agreement

Berlin wall

1961

To end brain drain

short term consequences of berlin wall

increased tensions between USA and USSR

standoff on either side of wall - 1961

Long term consequences of berlin wall

“Wall was better than a wall” - Kennedy

Castro comes to power in

1959

Cuba communist

Bay of pigs

1961

invasion of cuba with rebels only

1400 exiles stopped easily by 20k cuban forces

Spy plane spots nuclear missiles on route to Cuba

1962

Cuban missile crisis events (16-28 Oct 1962)

-Kennedy calls ExComm to see how USA should react everyday for 13 days

-Kennedy sets up naval blockade with 54 bombers with 4 nuclear warheads

-24 oct soviet ships reach blockade and turn around

-26 oct khrushchev offers to remove missiles if Turkey missiles removed

-27 oct Kennedy ignores second telegram and agrees to terms in first telegram

Limited test ban treaty

1963

Both USA and USSR agrees to stop testing nuclear missiles in atmosphere

Outer space treaty

1967

not use space

Nuclear non proliferation treaty

1968

stop spread of nuclear weapons

Reforms of prague spring

1968

Increased trade with west

secret police ended

no censorship

Dubcek leader in czechoslovakia wanted

people to choose communism

Warsaw pact troops invade Czechoslovakia to end Prague Spring

1968

500k troops

Consequences of Soviet Invasion in Czechoslovakia

Brezhnev doctrine (1968) - stopped other countries making reforms to be free

warsaw pact comes to assistance to any country under threat

No reforms

Tighter control over soviet union

USA seemed weaker (no action only criticism)

Detente times

1970-80

Causes of Detente

Arms race - too expensive

vietnam war - expensive and many deaths

Social problem - inequality between rich+poor/white+black

Weak Soviet economy

SALT 1

Anti ballistic missiles only allowed at two sites

USA: 1054 ICBMs

USSR: 1618 ICBMs

Helsinki Accords (3 baskets)

1975

33 nations from NATO and Warsaw pact

1. european borders not changed with force
2. West and soviet countries cooperate
3. Respect for human rights and freedom

SALT 2

1979

restrict missiles

banned testing of new ICBMs

Joint soviet-usa mission

1975

Soviet invasion of afghanistan

1979

Amin unpopular with extremist groups e.g mujahideen)

Soviet forces invade

Amin assassinated

Soviets remain for almost 10 years

Carter Doctrine

1980

USA send money and weapons to mujahideen

USA use force if threatened

Olympic boycotts

Moscow 1980 (60 countries supported)

1984 LA (15 countries supported)

Reagan described the USSR as an

evil empire

Reagan increase spending on arms

1982, 13% of money spent on weapons

SDI

satellites in space to shoot SOviet missiles

went against outer space treaty

Gorbachevs new thinking

Perestroika (reconstruction)

Glasnost(openness)

Perestroika

make capitalism successful with new policies

Glasnost

People should not fear expressing their opinion

USSR break up

1991

Gorbachev blamed for losing control over East Europe

Hungary free elections

1989

Fall of berlin wall

1989