AP Human Geo Models and Theories

source: https://library.fiveable.me/ap-hug/faqs/ap-human-geo-models-theories/blog/iBpHvi6ltOi8naATRMGv

Demographic Transition Model

says- a process with 4 steps in which every country moves through, once a country enters a new stage it will not go back to a previous stage.

Stage 1: Low Growth (high CBR&CDR, low NIR)

Stage 2: High Growth (high CBR&NIR, low CDR)(happened due to industrial revolution)ex:Cape Verde, Nicaragua Stage 3: Moderate Growth(decreasing CBR,CDR,NIR)(happens when people decide to start having less kids) ex:Chile,

Stage 4:Low Growth(CBR=CDR, has ZPG) ex: USA, England, Luxemburg

Stage 5:unofficial stage (low CBR, increasing CDR) ex: Russia

Von Thunen Model

Hearth-1826, Germany, by Johann Heinrich Von Thunen

says- What farmers produce varies upon distance from market

\-takes into account cost of tranportation (which governs use of land) \n -assumes no natural features (land uniformity) \n -model places market in middle surrounded by dairy, then forestry (lumber), then grains and field crops, and lastly ranching and livestock

Rostow's Development Model

Hearth-W.W. Rostow, 1950

says- all countries move through 5 steps to development and modernization through selling resources and global participation (productive) \n Step 1: Traditional Society:high in agriculture but unproductive and developed \n Step 2:Preconditions of Takeoff:development begins with innovative leader who starts to buy technology \n Step 3:Takeoff:Same areas start to produce and become productive and bring in $ \n Step 4:Drive to Maturity: Technology diffuses and workers become more specialized \n Step 5:High Mass Consumption: More specialized jobs and become consumers

Central Place theory

Hearth-Walter Christaller

says- where central places in the urban hierarchy would be functionally and spatially distributed (hexagon shaped areas) \n -hierarchy: city,town,village, hamlet \n -assumes that all land is the same (equal, no valleys mnts) \n ex: Iowa

Concentric Zone Model

hearth-1923, E.W. Burgess

says-cities grow outwards from the CBD in rings \n 1st inner ring-CBD \n 2nd-Transiton Zone (poorer, immigrants) \n 3rd-Working Class Homes \n 4th-Newer spacious homes \n 5th-commuters

Multiple Nuclei Model

hearth-1945, E.L. Ulman \n says-cities are a complex structure w/ more than 1 center \n -also says certain things are more attracted to certain areas \n ex: airports attract hotels and universities attract pizzerias

Peripheral Model

\-good ex for N. America

says- an urban area consists of a central area surrounded by other districts and places and enclosed by a major road \n -model points to problems of segregation that characterizes many suburbs

Hoyt

Sector Model

Sector Model

hearth-1939, homer hoyt

says-city develops in sections or wedges not rings \n -grows outwards in wedges \n -best housing is on edges \n ex of model:chicago

HDI

says-determines a country's development based on economic, social, and demographic indicators (given in %)

economic indicators- GDP per capita \n Social indicator- Literacy rate \n Demographic indicator-life expectancy

Wallerstein World Systems Theory

says-the world economy has a 3 tier structure

Core: generates wealth in economy, high levels of education, technology, and salaries(RICH) \n ex:USA \n Periphery:generates less wealth in world economy lower level of education, technology, and salaries(POOR) \n ex:congo \n Semi-periphery: a buffer zone between Core&periphery both can exist \n ex: brazil, india, china, mexico

Losch's Location Theory

says- manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profit

where they can maximize profit \n -can maximize profit when income is higher than the cost to make it \n ex:fur stores in vail, co

Hotelling's Location Theory

says-location of an industry cannot be understood w/o references to other industrys of the same kind

ex:gas stations are always next to each other

Weber's Location Theory

says- says-manufacturing plants will be where costs are the least

ex:cheap labor, maquiladoras

Lee's Migration Theory

Divides factors causing migrations into two groups of factors, push and pull. The factors are either economic, cultural, or environmental

push- things that are unfavorable about the area that one lives in \n pull-things that attract one to an area

Ravenstein's Migration Theory

says-majority of migrants move short distances and if they migrate long distances its' to cities.

\-urban residents migrate less than inhabitants of rural land. \n -families migrate less than individuals and men will travel further

Gravity Model

says-Distance and population size effect receiving and sending countries

\-people will travel closer than far but large populations send more people. \n ex:china and india to US

Migration Transition Model

says-countries in stage 1 of DTM have internal migration

\-most sending countries are in stages 2-3 (international emigration) \n -most receiving countries are in stages 3-4(int'l immigration)

Malthus Theory

claims-that worlds population is growing much more quickly than earth's food supply (1798)

Core-Domain-Sphere Model

says- a culture is more homogenous and intense in the core

Latitude

goes east to west across the equator

Longitude

goes north to south across the prime meridian

Geographic Information System

used to analyze data on maps using different layers

Population Pyramids

used to analyze the demographic makeup of a population, including age and gender

Epidemiologic Transition Model

each stage has a different disease that affects the population

Language Tree

The Indo-European family tree includes most langauges that derived from each other

Organic Theory

states are like living organisms that have life cycles (birth and death) and need "nourishment" in the form of acquiring less powerful states to survive.

Heartland and Rimland Theory

argued that the key of global power is to rule Eurasia

Ester Boserup’s Theory

A revision to Malthus that describes food production will increase in conjunction to population growth because of innovation.

Dependency Ratio

the core countries depend on the periphery for labor and raw materials while the periphery depend on the core for goods.

Rank Size Theory

A country's second largest city is half the size of its largest. The third largest city is 1/3 the size of the largest city. Basically, the nth largest city is 1/n of the largest city.

Bid Rent Curve

As distance from the city center decreases, the cost of land decreases.