HLWB101 Final

Ecological fallacy 

Error of attributing the characteristics of a population to an induvial. Statistical BMI inference is intended to generalize from a sample population to the whole population. The goal of statistics is to generalize from the particular to the whole and not from the whole to the particular.

Episteme

What counts as knowledge within a particular paradigm or school of thought

Philosophy

Logic and reason 

Science

Observation and measurement

Epidemiology

the study of distributions and determinants of disease

Sociology

Values and norms

Religion and spirituality

Faith and belief

Why are models used

To simplify complex concepts

Biomedical model

Treats body as machine as machine with physical features that can be repaired - fixability of the body and its material nature taken into considered

Biopsychosocial model

Includes psychological and social aspects of health. Oversimplifies - doesn’t give value to all areas included

Te whare tapa wha

Should one of the walls be weakened the collective structure is weakened

Spitural wellbeing

Taha wairua

mental and emotional well-being

hinengaro

physical wellbeing

taha tinana

family and social wellbeing

taha whanau

Te wheke

• octopus model

• used to define health'

• when when arm is weakened can survive but not thrive

Fonofale

Incorporates values and beliefs important to Pacifica

The one health triad

• People, animals and the environment

• Broader environment is taken into consideration

• Interconnection between them

What happens when we simplify

Fail to account for health in every individual concept but do shape how organisations and Individuals measure health, believe in health allocate resources, decide what needs attention and in so doing can marginalise people  

Biomedical model order

biological predisposition > disease > clinical outcome

Biomedical model: critique

• Mind-body dualism 

• Mechanical metaphor – we think of body as machine – can be fixed in a particular way – we think of the body as a machine 

• Technological imperative 

• Reductionist 

• Diseases as distinct entities 

Aesthetic of health

a visual set of standards judgments about beauty related physical attributes

structure of food

• size of air spaces

• particle size

• droplet size

Processing

• ripening

• freezing

• cooking

Properties

• texture - how something feels in your mouth

• taste/aroma

• nutrition/health

endemic

Always present in a particular environment; often used to refer to a disease or the organism that causes a disease.

Epidemic

A higher than usual number of cases of a disease or condition in a particular geographic area; there are no requirements for number of cases

Pandemic

an epidemic occurring worldwide

morbidity

Having to do with disease. the rate is the rate of a particular disease in a given population during a specific time period.

What is a rate

The idea of proportion and time 

how to calculate a rate =

Number of events of a disease or common condition/ population at risk * 1000  

how to calculate the incidence

Number of new cases of a disease or condition/population at risk over a period of time  

How to calculate prevalence

Number of all existing cases of a disease or condition / population at risk over a period of time 

how to calculate relative risk

incidence rate among exposed / incidence rate among unexposed  

The ecological fallacy

Reasoning ... [that] occurs when data that exist at a group or aggregate level are analyzed and interpretations are then made (generalized) as though they automatically apply at the level of the individuals who make up those groups. 

Epidemiologist

Distribution, incidence, rates of obesity

Sociologist

stigma, values, marginalization of obese individuals

Cultural anthropologist

beliefs and practices relating to: beliefs and practices relating to body size in different cultures 

Endocrinologist

metabolic explanations for obesity 

Literary Scholar

the repression of adiposity in characterisation

Philosopher

Moral value of the term obesity, the place of obesity in the aesthetic of virtue, what counts as discrimination.

Implications for social interactions  

• One language is lost truly assimilated – important to make connection through language  

  Stories are crucial to Māori culture  

• Connect and reconnect culture and people to the past 

• Storytellers create a platform so we can move into the future  

• Stories hold wisdoms, understandings and knowledge  

• Give context through spoken word  

Ta Moko

• Ta moko is cultural genetic imprint  

• Moko is genetic blueprint  

• Before you have ta moko, already have mako, ta moko is just visual mark   

• 12 different parts to ta moko – each has different meaning  

• Important to Māori culture and structural culture  

The social determinants of health

The non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. 

• Born, grow, age, work and live, wider conditions that shape life. 

Health Inequalities

The unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries. In countries at all levels of income, health and illness follow a social gradient: the lower the socioeconomic position, the worse the health. 

• Overcrowding – find families where teres several generations in the same house – house is too small. When one person gets sick everyone get sick.  

Sociological perspective for understanding for health and wellbeing

For understanding health and wellbeing 

• “There are ways of acting, thinking and feeling which possess the remarkable property of existing outside the consciousness of the 

• individual.” 

  • Look at broader social forces  

  • What's considered normal 

  • How people respond  

  • Why people look different, act different etc.

Socialisation

• The processes by which an individual involuntarily learns social order and expectations. 

  • The way in individual learns how to behave and act in society.

Society

• A concept used to describe the structured relations and institutions among a large community of people which cannot be reduced to a simple collection or aggregation of individuals. 

Institutions

• Established social patterns, habits or organizations that perform specific functions in society. 

  • Families are an example of this.

The Structure/Agency Debate 

• the relative balance between society’s influence on the individual (structure) and the individual’s freedom to act and shape society (agency). 

Medicalization - sociological concepts

• Who's interests are being served  

• Over relying on professionals  

  Responsibilisation (and the sick role) 

• Control, influence and expertise  

• Infers everything is a disease or symptom 

what is medicatization

The process by which medicine has taken within its jurisdiction aspects of everyday life which previously were not under its control. (Irving Zola, 1972) 

•  Behaviors related to illness 

• Technical control of procedures 

• Access to taboo areas 

• Reinforcement of medicine via its rhetoric 

  • Four ways to explain how medical jurisdiction expanded 

Responsibilisation

• the process whereby subjects are rendered individually responsible for a task which previously would have been the duty of another –usually a state agency – or would not have been recognized as a responsibility at all. 

One health

An approach to designing and implementing programmes, policies, legislation and research in which multiple sectors communicate and work together to achieve better public health outcomes. 

Zoonotic disease

disease that spread from human to animal

Vector borne disease

Insect to human

what does yoga mean

union

Self

how someone perceives themselves - ego

Identity

others perceiving yourself - where someone is within the social structure

Food meaning more that just food

Can remind people of their home country, memories etc

food and identity

Closely tied with identity and belonging

home food

• Sense of familiarity

• sense of security

• part of a community

• sense of belonging

• feelings of hope and opportunity

Nazri

turn from personal to collective project, a way of expressing gratitude through the act of offering food, often observed during Moharram as a form of thanks in tangible edible forms.

you are what you eat

vegetarian, omnivores, foodies

if we are what we eat who are we

gym bunnies, vegetarians take supplements, religion

the rule of food in the presentation and identity of a person

• the individual

• peers

• family

what role does food play in the role of identification

• Food is important part of representation 

• Belonging is having the meal with family /friends 

• Feelings of emotional eating of being stressed 

• Feelings of childhood memories 

• Icebreaker 

• conversation starter

you choose what goes into body - outside

how does it make you feel

you choose what goes into body - inside

is whatever I eat going to harm me

How food can show inequalities amongst determinants - Socioeconomic status 

being able to afford it

How food can show inequalities amongst determinants - education level

historical honest of attitudes towards food

How food can show inequalities amongst determinants - access to healthcare

impact of food on heath

Epidemiology was originally developed to answer questions about infectious disease. 

1. incidence: the occurrence of new cases of a disease or condition In a particular population during a period of interest 

2. Prevalence: the number of all cases of a disease or condition in a population in a particular period of time  

3. rates: a proportion for which a particular time period is specified 

4. Mortality: the rate of death from a particular cause in a given population during a period of interest 

5. Morbidity: the rate of a particular disease in a given population during an interest of time  

6. Relative risk is the likelihood of a particular effect occurring during a period of interest 

• These concepts allow us to determine the nature of a disease or condition and suggest ways to control it.

the role of appearance in health

• The relationship between appearance and health 

• How people perceive others  

health equals beauty

The aesthetics of health can impact an individuals perspectives of themselves  

Conceptual frameworks 

• Illustrate the variables that are studied and the relationships that are expected to be found in them  

Conceptual mapping

Ecological model 

• Policies and programs 

• State of human habitat/ecosystem 

• Human agency/behavior 

• State of human health and wellbeing  

• State of green public space 

what is texture

structure and build of food

Mouth feel

the way the food feels in your mouth throughout the process of chewing 

Elasticity

Toughness of the food – how hard it is to break down which relates to Springiness which is how well the food returns back to its original shape when force is applied   

Adhesiveness

how well the food sticks to itself, how easy it is to remove food that sticks to the mouth  

consistency

synonym for “viscosity” that is a general way, to describe mouthfeel and all textural  

Autoethnography

Are used to understand cultural phenomena

what is health

A social, economic and political issue and above all a fundamental human right. Inequality, poverty, exploitation, violence and injustice are at the root of ill-health.

Health as behaviour, health as ‘the healthy life’

primarily used when describing the health of other people as opposed to the respondent’s. I call her healthy because she goes jogging and doesn’t eat fried food. She walks a lot and doesn’t drink alcohol.

Health as physical fitness:

particularly popular with young men and less favoured by older people. Men tended to express health in terms of physical strength and fitness. Typical quotes were: There’s tone to my body, I feel fit; I can do something strenuous and not feel that tired after I’ve done it. Women were more likely to define health in terms of outwards appearance, such as being slim, a good complexion, bright eyes and shining hair.

The Atua Matua Health Framework (AMHF)

A health system that uses traditional Māori environmental knowledge to understand health from an indigenous perspective and therefore provides an alternative to the current mainstream model for indigenous and non-indigenous recipients alike

Atua

the twelve philosophies or metaphors for action that are obtained from the environment

Matua

a consequent twelve that are the action engaged through humans in the communities

Mataturanga

a body of knowledge we haven't interacted with   

Mohiotanga

might try to engage with the knowledge but haven't reapplied it somewhere else  

Maramatanga

reached level of enlightenment where you know how to apply the knowledge 

food regime

a specific set of dietary practices and habits

Norms

social rules dictating acceptable behaviour and practices

collective self-esteem

groups shared sense of self worth and value

Primary identity

stable, community based sense of self

Secondary identity

flexible, goal orientated identity often tied to institutions

social demarcation

process of defining social boundaries and distinctions

Resource

Enables or hinders physical activity or social contact

Conceptual model

Represent pathways linking natural environments, human behaviours and health