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Ecological fallacy
Error of attributing the characteristics of a population to an induvial. Statistical BMI inference is intended to generalize from a sample population to the whole population. The goal of statistics is to generalize from the particular to the whole and not from the whole to the particular.
Episteme
What counts as knowledge within a particular paradigm or school of thought
Philosophy
Logic and reason
Science
Observation and measurement
Epidemiology
the study of distributions and determinants of disease
Sociology
Values and norms
Religion and spirituality
Faith and belief
Why are models used
To simplify complex concepts
Biomedical model
Treats body as machine as machine with physical features that can be repaired - fixability of the body and its material nature taken into considered
Biopsychosocial model
Includes psychological and social aspects of health. Oversimplifies - doesn’t give value to all areas included
Te whare tapa wha
Should one of the walls be weakened the collective structure is weakened
Spitural wellbeing
Taha wairua
mental and emotional well-being
hinengaro
physical wellbeing
taha tinana
family and social wellbeing
taha whanau
Te wheke
octopus model
used to define health'
when when arm is weakened can survive but not thrive
Fonofale
Incorporates values and beliefs important to Pacifica
The one health triad
People, animals and the environment
Broader environment is taken into consideration
Interconnection between them
What happens when we simplify
Fail to account for health in every individual concept but do shape how organisations and Individuals measure health, believe in health allocate resources, decide what needs attention and in so doing can marginalise people
Biomedical model order
biological predisposition > disease > clinical outcome
Biomedical model: critique
Mind-body dualism
Mechanical metaphor – we think of body as machine – can be fixed in a particular way – we think of the body as a machine
Technological imperative
Reductionist
Diseases as distinct entities
Aesthetic of health
a visual set of standards judgments about beauty related physical attributes
structure of food
size of air spaces
particle size
droplet size
Processing
ripening
freezing
cooking
Properties
texture - how something feels in your mouth
taste/aroma
nutrition/health
endemic
Always present in a particular environment; often used to refer to a disease or the organism that causes a disease.
Epidemic
A higher than usual number of cases of a disease or condition in a particular geographic area; there are no requirements for number of cases
Pandemic
an epidemic occurring worldwide
morbidity
Having to do with disease. the rate is the rate of a particular disease in a given population during a specific time period.
What is a rate
The idea of proportion and time
how to calculate a rate =
Number of events of a disease or common condition/ population at risk * 1000
how to calculate the incidence
Number of new cases of a disease or condition/population at risk over a period of time
How to calculate prevalence
Number of all existing cases of a disease or condition / population at risk over a period of time
how to calculate relative risk
incidence rate among exposed / incidence rate among unexposed
The ecological fallacy
Reasoning ... [that] occurs when data that exist at a group or aggregate level are analyzed and interpretations are then made (generalized) as though they automatically apply at the level of the individuals who make up those groups.
Epidemiologist
Distribution, incidence, rates of obesity
Sociologist
stigma, values, marginalization of obese individuals
Cultural anthropologist
beliefs and practices relating to: beliefs and practices relating to body size in different cultures
Endocrinologist
metabolic explanations for obesity
Literary Scholar
the repression of adiposity in characterisation
Philosopher
Moral value of the term obesity, the place of obesity in the aesthetic of virtue, what counts as discrimination.
Implications for social interactions
One language is lost truly assimilated – important to make connection through language
Stories are crucial to Māori culture
Connect and reconnect culture and people to the past
Storytellers create a platform so we can move into the future
Stories hold wisdoms, understandings and knowledge
Give context through spoken word
Ta Moko
Ta moko is cultural genetic imprint
Moko is genetic blueprint
Before you have ta moko, already have mako, ta moko is just visual mark
12 different parts to ta moko – each has different meaning
Important to Māori culture and structural culture
The social determinants of health
The non-medical factors that influence health outcomes.
Born, grow, age, work and live, wider conditions that shape life.
Health Inequalities
The unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries. In countries at all levels of income, health and illness follow a social gradient: the lower the socioeconomic position, the worse the health.
Overcrowding – find families where teres several generations in the same house – house is too small. When one person gets sick everyone get sick.
Sociological perspective for understanding for health and wellbeing
For understanding health and wellbeing
“There are ways of acting, thinking and feeling which possess the remarkable property of existing outside the consciousness of the
individual.”
Look at broader social forces
What's considered normal
How people respond
Why people look different, act different etc.
Socialisation
The processes by which an individual involuntarily learns social order and expectations.
The way in individual learns how to behave and act in society.
Society
A concept used to describe the structured relations and institutions among a large community of people which cannot be reduced to a simple collection or aggregation of individuals.
Institutions
Established social patterns, habits or organizations that perform specific functions in society.
Families are an example of this.
The Structure/Agency Debate
the relative balance between society’s influence on the individual (structure) and the individual’s freedom to act and shape society (agency).
Medicalization - sociological concepts
Who's interests are being served
Over relying on professionals
Responsibilisation (and the sick role)
Control, influence and expertise
Infers everything is a disease or symptom
what is medicatization
The process by which medicine has taken within its jurisdiction aspects of everyday life which previously were not under its control. (Irving Zola, 1972)
Behaviors related to illness
Technical control of procedures
Access to taboo areas
Reinforcement of medicine via its rhetoric
Four ways to explain how medical jurisdiction expanded
Responsibilisation
the process whereby subjects are rendered individually responsible for a task which previously would have been the duty of another –usually a state agency – or would not have been recognized as a responsibility at all.
One health
An approach to designing and implementing programmes, policies, legislation and research in which multiple sectors communicate and work together to achieve better public health outcomes.
Zoonotic disease
disease that spread from human to animal
Vector borne disease
Insect to human
what does yoga mean
union
Self
how someone perceives themselves - ego
Identity
others perceiving yourself - where someone is within the social structure
Food meaning more that just food
Can remind people of their home country, memories etc
food and identity
Closely tied with identity and belonging
home food
Sense of familiarity
sense of security
part of a community
sense of belonging
feelings of hope and opportunity
Nazri
turn from personal to collective project, a way of expressing gratitude through the act of offering food, often observed during Moharram as a form of thanks in tangible edible forms.
you are what you eat
vegetarian, omnivores, foodies
if we are what we eat who are we
gym bunnies, vegetarians take supplements, religion
the rule of food in the presentation and identity of a person
the individual
peers
family
what role does food play in the role of identification
Food is important part of representation
Belonging is having the meal with family /friends
Feelings of emotional eating of being stressed
Feelings of childhood memories
Icebreaker
conversation starter
you choose what goes into body - outside
how does it make you feel
you choose what goes into body - inside
is whatever I eat going to harm me
How food can show inequalities amongst determinants - Socioeconomic status
being able to afford it
How food can show inequalities amongst determinants - education level
historical honest of attitudes towards food
How food can show inequalities amongst determinants - access to healthcare
impact of food on heath
Epidemiology was originally developed to answer questions about infectious disease.
incidence: the occurrence of new cases of a disease or condition In a particular population during a period of interest
Prevalence: the number of all cases of a disease or condition in a population in a particular period of time
rates: a proportion for which a particular time period is specified
Mortality: the rate of death from a particular cause in a given population during a period of interest
Morbidity: the rate of a particular disease in a given population during an interest of time
Relative risk is the likelihood of a particular effect occurring during a period of interest
These concepts allow us to determine the nature of a disease or condition and suggest ways to control it.
the role of appearance in health
The relationship between appearance and health
How people perceive others
health equals beauty
The aesthetics of health can impact an individuals perspectives of themselves
Conceptual frameworks
Illustrate the variables that are studied and the relationships that are expected to be found in them
Conceptual mapping
Ecological model
Policies and programs
State of human habitat/ecosystem
Human agency/behavior
State of human health and wellbeing
State of green public space
what is texture
structure and build of food
Mouth feel
the way the food feels in your mouth throughout the process of chewing
Elasticity
Toughness of the food – how hard it is to break down which relates to Springiness which is how well the food returns back to its original shape when force is applied
Adhesiveness
how well the food sticks to itself, how easy it is to remove food that sticks to the mouth
consistency
synonym for “viscosity” that is a general way, to describe mouthfeel and all textural
Autoethnography
Are used to understand cultural phenomena
what is health
A social, economic and political issue and above all a fundamental human right. Inequality, poverty, exploitation, violence and injustice are at the root of ill-health.
Health as behaviour, health as ‘the healthy life’
primarily used when describing the health of other people as opposed to the respondent’s. I call her healthy because she goes jogging and doesn’t eat fried food. She walks a lot and doesn’t drink alcohol.
Health as physical fitness:
particularly popular with young men and less favoured by older people. Men tended to express health in terms of physical strength and fitness. Typical quotes were: There’s tone to my body, I feel fit; I can do something strenuous and not feel that tired after I’ve done it. Women were more likely to define health in terms of outwards appearance, such as being slim, a good complexion, bright eyes and shining hair.
The Atua Matua Health Framework (AMHF)
A health system that uses traditional Māori environmental knowledge to understand health from an indigenous perspective and therefore provides an alternative to the current mainstream model for indigenous and non-indigenous recipients alike
Atua
the twelve philosophies or metaphors for action that are obtained from the environment
Matua
a consequent twelve that are the action engaged through humans in the communities
Mataturanga
a body of knowledge we haven't interacted with
Mohiotanga
might try to engage with the knowledge but haven't reapplied it somewhere else
Maramatanga
reached level of enlightenment where you know how to apply the knowledge
food regime
a specific set of dietary practices and habits
Norms
social rules dictating acceptable behaviour and practices
collective self-esteem
groups shared sense of self worth and value
Primary identity
stable, community based sense of self
Secondary identity
flexible, goal orientated identity often tied to institutions
social demarcation
process of defining social boundaries and distinctions
Resource
Enables or hinders physical activity or social contact
Conceptual model
Represent pathways linking natural environments, human behaviours and health
Note
Flashcard