EXAM 1 - Intro Health, Research, Stress, Sleep

Abstract (A for Abstract A for All info summarized)

Is this describing Abstract or Introduction of a research paper?

- Overview or quick summary of the main points of a research article. Found on the first page of a research paper

- Great place to start to see if the research article is relatable to your work

Research Article (Remember AIM R DR.)

- Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, and References are the parts of a?

Results

- Presentation of ALL RESULTS of the study (what data or answers did you get?)

- Includes significant & nonsignificant results (p-values)

Distress (D for Distress, D for Depressed or Drama)

Distress or Eustress?

- Stress that can have a detrimental effect on health

- Seen as Negative or Bad Stress

Example: Taking exams, death in family

Eustress (E for Eustress E for Excited (happy!)

Distress or Eustress?

- Stress that can present opportunities for personal growth

- Seen as Positive or Good Stress

- Ex: Getting married, winning university full-ride scholarship

Insomnia (In - means can't, Somnia - means sleep so can't sleep)

Difficulty falling or staying asleep is called?

- Caused by stress, hormonal changes, worry, medication side effects

- Treatments : Cognitive behavioral therapy & relaxation strategies

Insomnia

What is the most common sleep disorder?

Independent Variable (Memory Trick: Think if you are an INDEPENDENT person, you CONTROL what HAPPENS or CHANGES in your life each time)

Dependent or Independent Variable?

This is the variable YOU CONTROL. It is what you are messing around with and changing each time

Dependent Variable

Dependent or Independent Variable?

Outcome. Think "The result depends on that

- Independent variable: Smoking cigarettes

- Dependent variable: Lung cancer

What is the independent variable? Dependent variable?

Example Hypothesis:

- People who smoke cigarettes daily are more likely to develop lung cancer

Variable

Person, place, thing, or phenomenon that you want to measure is called a?

P-value (P for Probability or chances)

The statistical number that tells us how likely it is that our results we got happened just by pure luck (or chance)?

It's significant! NOT due to luck. It's the REAL effect!

A p < 0.05 means?

Probably just LUCK, NOT a real effect! It's NON-significant

A p > 0.05 means?

Acute Stress (Trick: Out of all the types of stress, Acute has the shortest name with 5 letters so it is the SHORT-term stress....Chronic (7 letters) and Traumatic (9 letters)

OR...Think A for Acute, A for AHH!! since it happens so quickly and you get scared very shortly in the moment)

Acute, Chronic, or Traumatic Stress?

A short-term physiological response to an immediate perceived threat.

- Example: Avoiding someone from hitting your car while lane changing, argument with a friend, parent etc.

Chronic Stress (Think C for Chronic, C for Constant stress)

Acute, Chronic, or Traumatic Stress?

An ongoing state of physiological arousal in response to ongoing or numerous perceived threats

Lasts a long time and doesn't go away quickly

- Example: Illness

Traumatic Stress (T for Traumatic, T for Terrible memory)

Acute, Chronic, or Traumatic Stress?

Often a result of witnessing or experiencing horrific events. Effects of this type of stress may be felt for YEARS AFTER the event.

- Example: War, major accidents, shootings

Medical Model (Think M for Medical M for Medical Doctor looking at body tissues and organs)

Medical Model or Public Health Model?

- Views health status as focused on the individual and their tissues or organs

Public Health Model

Medical Model or Public Health Model?

- Views health as a result of the individual's interactions with the social and physical environment

Introduction

Is this describing Introduction or Abstract of a research paper?

- Provides background information on what is already known on a topic

- Extensive literature review

- Good to read when you are just learning about a topic and need to learn a lot of detail

Technostress (T for Techno T for Technology Trouble!)

Stress that comes from using too much technology/struggling with it

- Examples: Feeling upset if your computer crashes, phone dies

Stress

A real or imagined threat to one's being that leads to a series of physiological responses and adaptations is called?

Stressor

A physical, social, or psychological event or condition that upsets homeostasis and produces a stress response is called a?

Tangible stressor (T for Tangible, T for Touchable! It's physical item)

Tangible or Intangible stressor?

Something you can see, touch, or physically experience that causes stress.

- Example: Car breaking down, object breaking

Intangible stressor (I for Intangible, I for Invisible since it's NOT a physical item)

Tangible or Intangible stressor?

Something that causes you stress but you can't see or touch it. It's more of a feeling or thought and NOT an actual physical object.

- Example: Feeling lonely, worrying about what future holds for you

Hypothalamus (H for Hypothalamus, H for Human clock)

Which part of the brain acts as the body's clock and regulates circadian rhythms?

Sleep Apnea (S for Sleep and A for Apnea, S for Sleep and A for Arrest)

A sleep disorder where a person stops breathing for short periods while they sleep.

Your breathing keeps starting and stopping, which makes your body wake up over and over, even if you don't remember it.

This is called?

True

True or False?

Women experience 2x sleep difficulties due to hormonal factors, pregnancy, menopause, and psychological issues (i.e. anxiety, depression)

Narcolepsy (N for Narcolepsy , N for Nap attack!)

A sleep disorder where a person suddenly falls asleep at the wrong and most inappropriate times (they cannot control it), even during the day.

- Example: A person falls asleep while driving 70 miles per hour (dangerous of course but their body just goes to sleep without the person's permission or will)

This is called?

True

True or False?

Sleeping fewer than 7 hours may be one of the greatest public health threats. This is associated with increases in risk for high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and all-cause mortality.

Discussion

Is this describing Discussion or Results of a research paper?

- Part where researchers will talk about their interpretation of the results and what they mean

- Identify limitations

- How to apply this information

- Future research steps needed

Methods

Is this describing Methods or Results of a research paper?

- This is the very detailed description of what the researchers did to collect their data or information

- Participants

- Measures

- Data analysis

Nominal Variables (N for Nominal, N for Names which are labels)

Ordinal or Nominal Variables?

They categorize things but you can't say one is bigger or better than the other. They're just labels, no numbers or order.

- Examples: Eye color (blue, brown), Gender (male, female)

Ordinal Variables (O for Ordinal, O for Order)

Ordinal or Nominal Variables?

Are categories that have a meaningful order or ranking, but the distances between them aren't necessarily equal.

You can rank them, but you don't know exactly how far apart they are.

- Examples: Clothing sizes (small, medium, large), movie ratings (0-5 stars)

Categorical Variables

Ordinal and nominal variables are both types of what variables (Categorical or Continuous variables?)

Continuous Variables (C for Continuous, C for Can measure or C for Counting!)

Categorical or Continuous Variables?

- Numerical variables that can take any value within a range and can be measured, not just counted.

- They can have decimals and fractions, and you can do math with them. Think of something you measure, not just label or rank.

Examples:

Height (e.g., 5.4 ft, 5.42 ft, 5.423 ft...)

Time (e.g., 3.25 hours)

Control Variables

This type of variable you keep the same in an experiment so they don't mess up your results? It's the stuff you keep the same so the test is fair!

- Example: If you want to see which type of juice makes you run fastest, you would keep the same shoes, same track, and same starting time for everyone so you know only the juice is the one we're looking at here, not other things

True

True or False?

Research findings you find must be able to be replicated or performed by other experimenters or researchers.

False

True or False?

Completing 1 experiment or research study is enough.

Alarm Stage, Resistance Stage, Exhaustion Stage

- (3 words in General Adaptation Syndrome, and 3 stages total. Think of the word ARE to remember name of each stage)

What are the 3 stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?

Alarm Stage (A for Alarm, A for Alert!)

Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is this describing? (Alarm, Resistance, or Exhaustion)

- Your body notices a problem and goes on alert

- Heart beats faster, muscles tense, energy spikes (Fight or Flight response)

- Example: While you are driving on the highway, the car in front of you hits their brakes very quickly and unexpectedly and you try to stop suddenly without hitting them from the back

Exhaustion Stage (E for Exhaustion, E for Empty energy it ran out)

Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is this describing? (Alarm, Resistance, or Exhaustion)

- Your body runs out of energy if stress keeps going

- You get tired, sick, or weak

Example: Like a phone battery at 1 %, you need to recharge!

Resistance Stage (R for Resistance, R for Resist giving up)

Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is this describing? (Alarm, Resistance, or Exhaustion)

- Your body tries to handle the stress and stay strong

- You feel a bit normal again, but still using energy to fight the stress

- Oxytocin circulates

- Think: like running a long race, you keep going even though it's hard

Yerkes-Dodson Law (Y for Yerkes-Dodson, Y for Yay balance!)

A little bit of stress or pressure can help you do better, but too much stress makes you do worse. Think balance, you want it just right!

- Example: Test: Small amount stress is good to take it serious and focus, too much stress you mess up your exam

This is called?

General Adaptation Syndrome

General Adaptation Syndrome or Transactional Model of Stress and Coping?

- Explains the Body Physiology of Stress (Like heart beating fast etc, the physical sensations you feel during stressful situations)

Transactional Model of Stress and Coping

General Adaptation Syndrome or Transactional Model of Stress and Coping?

- Explains psychology of stress

True

True or False?

When stress levels are LOW, the body is often in a state of homeostasis.

Minority Stress Perspective (Minority Stress, or More Stress)

People who are in smaller or less accepted groups (like race, culture, or identity) often feel extra stress because of unfair treatment, stereotypes, or not being included.

This is called?

Caffeine (Ex: Coffee)

This type of stimulant promotes alertness by adenosine, a neurotransmitter in your brain.

- Effects can last can last 5.5 to 7.7 hours

- Excess consumption of this can severely disrupt circadian cycles

What is the name of this stimulant?

Restless Leg Syndrome

When your legs feel itchy or tingly, and you want to move them a lot, especially at night.

- Your legs just won't sit still! Unpleasant sensations in the legs when at rest.

This is called?

Hypothesis (H for Hypothesis, H for Hunch or guess)

An educated guess about the nature of a phenomenon

- A prediction about what you think will happen

- Specific and falsifiable (can be provable by doing an experiment or research study)

- Based on what we already know, what research currently exists

This is called a?

Hypothesis

- A statement about the relationship between two or more variables.

- A statement about differences between groups.

T- Test (T for Test, T for Truth Check)

Test we use to check to see if 2 groups are really different from one another.

- Example: If one class drinks milk and another drinks juice, a t-test can show if their test scores are really different or we just got lucky by chance here

Operationalizing a variable

Turning an idea into something you can actually measure/test

Example: Measuring happiness

- One researcher might use smiles to measure the happiness of each person, another researcher may decide to measure the amount of times a person laughs. Each has a different measure of how they will measure happiness in their study.

This is called?

Descriptive Results

Part of the study that describes what happened without needing to explain why. Just tells you or describes the numbers.

Reports numbers, means, percentages, standard deviation

Example: If you count how many kids like pizza vs. hamburgers, that will give you ______________ results. What is this called?

False. (Example: Stopping smoking all of a sudden is not easy when you've been doing it for YEARS!)

True or False?

Changing a health behavior is easy!

Modifiable determinant/behavior (M for Modifiable, M for Movable (meaning changeable)

Choices/Actions we can do to change our health. It's not in stone or permanent forever.

- Example: Choosing to eat fruits as a snack instead of candy

5 Health Determinants

The following 5 factors are known as?

1. Education access and quality (Schooling)

2. Health care access and quality (Hospitals, Doctors)

3. Neighborhood and built environment (Living area)

4. Social and community context (Social, Feeling Connected)

5. Economic stability (Money)

Health Belief Model

Health belief model, social cognitive model, or transtheoretical model?

People will make healthy decisions if they think they are at danger if they don't do it.

- Example: I think I'll get sick if I don't wash my hands before eating my food, so I'll do it just because I do not want to get sick

Social Cognitive Model

Health belief model, social cognitive model, or transtheoretical model?

We learn by watching others & by seeing what happens when we do it.

- Example: Seeing your sibling touch a hot pan and yell OUCH! Probably makes you not want to do it because you see results of what happened when your sibling did that

Transtheoretical Model

Health belief model, social cognitive model, or transtheoretical model?

Health changes happen in steps/parts, not rushing all at once

Example:

- Step 1: Think about eating healthy

- Step 2: Try 1 fruit instead of 1 candy next time

- Step 3: You try fruit sometimes here and there (becomes more common than before)

- Step 4: You'll start doing it more often the more you get used to it

Parasomnias (P for Parasomnia, P for Paranormal which means weird or unusual)

A group of sleep problems where people do weird or unusual things while they are sleeping

Examples:

- Circadian rhythm disorder

- Sleep phase disorder

- Sleep-related eating disorder

- Sleepwalking

- Night terrors

- Sexsomnia

- Bedwetting (enuresis)

- Snoring

True

True or False?

Sleep serves biological purposes

1. Restores physical & mental health

2. Helps with coping

3. Conserves body energy

Parasympathetic nervous system (P for Parasympathetic, P for Peaceful)

Parasympathetic or Sympathetic nervous system?

- Known as "Rest and Digest"

- This is what relaxes you or brings you back to normal after being stressed/scared

Sympathetic nervous system (S for Sympathetic, S for Stress or Scared)

Parasympathetic or Sympathetic nervous system?

- Known as "Fight or Flight"

- Prepares your body for action or danger

False

True or False?

Not getting adequate sleep each night may increase your risk of cancer

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (O for Obstructive, O for Obstacle or blockage)

Central Sleep Apnea or Obstructive Sleep Apnea?

Occurs when air cannot move in and out of a person's nose or mouth, even though the body tries to breathe

Central Sleep Apnea (Think Brain is the Central/Main Part)

Central Sleep Apnea or Obstructive Sleep Apnea?

Brain forgets to tell the respiratory muscles (breathing muscles) in the body to breathe while you are sleeping

Cross-sectional Study

(C for Cross S for Sectional)

(C for Cut S for Snapshot piece)

Cross-Sectional or Longitudinal study?

Looks at 1 or more groups at a ONE point in time. Think snapshot!

- Example: Survey OU students on current physical activity levels

Longitudinal Study (L for Longitudinal, L for Long or multiple points in time)

Cross-Sectional or Longitudinal study?

Looks at 1 or more groups at a MULTIPLE points in time

Think LONG time!

- Example: Observing someone grow in height from a baby to an adult (you need to follow them over YEARS, you won’t see them grow to 5+ ft in one day!)

True. Numerical means Number

True or False?

Age, like saying you are 25 years old, is an example of numerical data.

Population

Is the following describing population, sample, or census?

- People you are trying to study or understand in a research study

Sample

Is the following describing population, sample, or census?

- Those who actually participate in the research study

Census

Is the following describing population, sample, or census?

- All the people in a population (very difficult to do though)

Placebo (P for Placebo, P for Pretend it's real (it's fake)

A fake treatment that looks like its real but it does not actually do anything.

Example: Like giving a person a sugar pill and they think it's the real medicine tablet when it is actually not

Generalizability (G for Generalizability, G for Generally Goes for everyone)

Looking at if the results of your study apply to other people other than the ones you chose to look at

- Example: If you like a video game, will everyone else in the US like it?

Demographics (D for Demographics, D for Details of people)

Specific facts about a group or population of people

- Example: Age, Height, Race

Comparative research

Another name for observational research?

True

True or False?

Observational research does NOT imply causation.

Observational research

Are the following 4 types of research called observational or experimental research?

- Cross-sectional

- Longitudinal

- Retrospective

- Prospective

Melatonin (M for Melatonin, M for Moon hormone since it helps you sleep at night)

The hypothalamus stimulates the pineal body to release a hormone that causes drowsiness/sleepiness which is called?

True

True or False?

The circadian rhythm is known as the "internal clock" and is regulated by the hypothalamus.

Sleep hygiene

To promote restful sleep, try these tips:

- Chill to 65 degrees

- Create a sleep "cave."

- Associate bed with sleep

- Only go to bed when you are tired

- Establish bedtime and waking rituals

All these are ways to improve?

Correlation Coefficient (R-values)

The measure of how variables are related or correlated to one another is called?

- Range goes from -1 to +1

- Tells you if two things go together

Close to +1: they go up together (both increase)

Close to -1: they go opposite (one goes up, one goes down)

Close to 0: they don't really go together

What do the following R-values mean?

- Close to +1 :

- Close to -1 :

- Close to 0 :

Empirical Research (E for Empirical, E for Evidence)

Type of Research that uses real-world evidence like things you can see, hear, touch, measure, or test, instead of just ideas or opinions?

Observational (Epidemiological research) and Experimental Research (Clinical trials)

The 2 major types of research studies using humans are?

Control groups

A group with similar characteristics to the study sample, used to compare differences, or changes are called?

Randomized Control Trial (RCT)

A study where people are randomly put into one of 2 groups, either the treatment or the control group, is called?

- Another way to say it: Randomly split people into groups to test if something works

Treatment Group

The group in a study that is getting the real thing that is being tested like a medicine tablet for example, is called the?

Control Group

The group in a study that is NOT getting any treatment (nothing) or a fake treatment instead (fake pill for example), is called the?

Blinding Procedure

The participants being studied have a "blind fold" on so to speak. They don't know which group they were put in!

They don't know if they are in the control group or the experimental group!

Double Blinding Procedure (Double means BOTH blinded)

When BOTH the researcher doing the study and the people participating in the study have NO CLUE which group they are in

Both don't know who is in control group and who is in experimental group

Correlation Coefficient

The following chart relates to?

STRENGTH of the relationship

0.1-0.29 "weak"

0.3-0.59 "moderate"

0.6 + "strong"

6 Dimensions of Health?

1. Physical Health: Eat healthy, exercise, avoid harmful stuff, protect yourself

2. Emotional Health: Express feelings, cope with stress

3. Spiritual Health: Life purpose, experience love, joy, peace, help others

4. Social Health: Community, harmony w/others, relationships

5. Intellectual Health: Think, Learn, evaluate info, critical thinking, open

6. Environmental Health: How does physical environment (like pollution) impact us

These are called the?

World Health Organization

Does the following Health Definition belong to the Oxford English Dictionary or World Health Organization?

"A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity"

Oxford English Dictionary

Does the following Health Definition belong to the Oxford English Dictionary or World Health Organization?

"A state of being free from sickness, injury, disease, bodily conditions; something indicating good bodily conditions"

Intellectual Health

Intellectual health or spiritual health?

- Includes being open minded and non-judgmental

Scientific Method

All of the following are steps of the?

Step 1: Question

- What question do you want answered?

Step 2: Hypothesis

- Educated Best Guess. Not random!

Step 3: Experiment

- Let’s find a way to put it to the test!

Step 4: Results

- What happened in the experiment? What did you find out?

Step 5: Conclusion

- Were you right or wrong?

Step 6: Share!

- Tell others what you learned / found out!

Retrospective Study (R for Retrospective, R for Remember past)

Retrospective or Prospective Research Study?

Looks back in time to study past events or experiences.

- Example: Looking at old school records to see if kids who ate breakfast did better on tests

- Examine risk factors in the PAST

- Identify influences on disease/health NOW