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After initial defeats from various coalitions of European powers, France's citizen armies had?
France's citizen armies had gone on the offensive.
How did France justify its incorporation of the lands on its northern and eastern borders?
France justified this by claiming that these additions conformed to France's "natural boundaries" of the Rhine and Alps. It set up sister republics in Holland, Switzerland, and Italy.
What did the French bring to their sister republics?
They brought their own Enlightenment-inspired revolutionary principles and legislation.
What was the price that came with the gaining of the sister republics?
The price that came with the gaining of the sister republics was that hundreds of thousands died in the fighting, and the constant warfare disrupted trade and created shortages of essential goods.
Why was it that initially, many groups in nearby countries supported the French Revolution and its principles?
They supported the French Revolution and its principles because they wanted to see France, a powerful rival, weakened.
Why did the countries that initially supported the French Revolution start opposing it later on?
They started opposing the French Revolution later on because they began to understand the seriousness of the attacks on monarchy and aristocracy, as well as the threat to their own political independence.
True or false: Many intellectual and liberal political groups outside of France continued to uphold the ideals of the French Revolution until 1793, when it took a more radical turn.
True: Many intellectual and liberal political groups outside of France continued to uphold the ideals of the French Revolution until 1793, when it took a more radical turn.
How did the French Revolution help promote development in Poland?
In Poland, patriots tried to use inspiration from France to assert independence from Russia.
How did the French Revolution help promote development in Ireland?
In Ireland, the revolutionary doctrines of liberty, equality, and natural rights touched many, encouraging them to rise against their British lords and make Ireland a republic.
How did the French Revolution help promote development in the Caribbean?
In the Caribbean, slaves in France's lucrative colony of St. Domingue (Haiti) took heart from the revolutionary principles and revolted against their colonizers (white settlers).
After much maneuvering and the abolition of slavery by the National Convention in February 1794, who gained control of St. Domingue (Haiti)?
The rebel leader Toussaint L'Ouverture and his black generals gained control of St. Domingue (Haiti). The determined group would then go on to fully oppose English, Spanish, and French armies, turning the island into the independent republic of Haiti in 1804.
Despite the Reign of Terror and efforts to establish a Republic of Virtue, what grew?
Despite the Reign of Terror and efforts to establish a Republic of Virtue, violent resistance to the Republic persisted and grew.
Who led the resistance against the Republic?
Local aristocrats, notables, officials who had fallen out of favor with the Jacobins, Girondin sympathizers, and members of the nonjuring clergy were the leaders of the resistance against the Republic.
Who supported the leaders of the resistance against the Republic?
Remaining royalists, conservative peasants who had already gained most of what they wanted, opponents of military conscription, and the many citizens who remained loyal to Catholicism and their nonjuring priests supported the leaders of the resistance against the Republic.
Of the many armed anti-Republic revolts that broke out across France, where did the most important one occur?
The most important occurred in the Vendee, a region in western France. In what amounted to a regional civil war that raged for most of 1793 and dragged on for years thereafter, both Republicans and anti-Republicans committed atrocities and thousands lost their lives before republican soldiers gained the upper hand.
Who was Jean-Paul Marat?
He was a journalist and leading radical deputy.
Why did Charlotte Corday assassinate Jean-Paul Marat?
She assassinated him because she felt that it was her duty to kill Marat (since Marat constantly called for more executions, being very radical and all).
Why did discontent with the Committee of Public Safety and their Terror policies increase?
They increased because with the defeat of the invading coalition armies and the suppression of internal rebellion, most people no longer saw any need for the Terror.
Why did the Convention overthrow the Jacobins on 9 Thermidor (the Thermidorian Reaction)?
They overthrew the Jacobins because no one, not even the members of the National Convention, felt safe during the Terror.
With the Jacobins overthrown, who quickly gained control of the government?
The propertied bourgeoisie quickly gained control of the government and eliminated the "Red" Terror of the Jacobins (Committee of Public Safety), replacing it with the "White" Terror of reaction.
What happened during the White Terror?
During the White Terror, the bourgeoisie now in charge of the government executed, imprisoned, and beat many Jacobins. Restrictive measures of the Terror were repealed, and while the upper and middle classes reveled in an outburst of lavish living, the poor often turned back to the Catholic Church, hoping that God would end the turmoil of the revolutionary years.
How did the new constitution created by the bourgeoisie leaders in 1795 reflect conservative reaction to the French Revolution?
In the new constitution, the right to vote for members of the legislative bodies was limited to the wealthier property owners. Executive functions were also now placed in the hands of 5 directors who made up the Directory.
Did the men staffing the Directory successfully restore tranquility to France?
No, they failed to restore tranquility to France. War dragged on, governmental finances unraveled further, and brigands terrorized the countryside and the cities. They were also threatened by royalists, remaining Jacobins, and the sans-culottes.
The Directory finally resorted to and relied on what?
The Directory finally resorted to purges to control the legislature and increasingly relied on the army for support.
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