APUSH UNIT 1+2

encomienda system

King of Spain gave grants of land and natives (as slaves) to individual Spaniards. (p. 8)

Hokokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos

These American Indians were located in the New Mexico and Arizona region. They developed farming using irrigation systems. (p. 4)

New Laws of 1542

Bartolome de Las Casas convinced the King of Spain to institute these laws, which ended American Indian slavery, ended forced Indian labor, and began the process of ending the encomienda systems. (p. 11)

Roanoke Island

In 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish a settlement here, but it failed. (p. 9)

Ferdinand and Isabella

They united Spain, defeated and drove out the Moors. In 1492, they funded Christopher Columbus's voyage to America. (p. 5)

Protestant Reformation

In the early 1500s, certain Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, and other northern European countries revolted against the authority of the pope in Rome. (p. 6)

Christopher Columbus

He spent 8 years seeking financial support for his plan to sail west from Europe to the "Indies". In 1492, he sailed from the Canary Islands to an island in the Bahamas. His success in discovering lands on the other side of the ocean brought him a burst of glory in Spain. (p. 7)

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

In 1494, this treaty between Spain and Portugal, moved the line of demarcation that the pope had established a few degrees to the west. (p. 8)

slave trade

Since ancient times people in Europe, Africa, and Asia had enslaved pepoe captured in wars. In the 15 century the Portuguese began trading for slaves from West Africa. They used slaves to work in sugar plantation off the coast of Africa. Using slaves was so profitable that when the Europeans settled in the Americas, they instituted the slave system there. (p, 6)

nation-state

In the 15th century, small kingdoms and multiethnic empires were being replaced by nation-states. Nation-states were countries in which the majority of people shared a common culture and common loyalty toward a central government. (p. 6)

Algonquian

The American Indians had 20 language families and 400 distinct languages. This tribe in the Northeast was one of the largest. (p. 4)

Iroquois Confederation

A political union of five independent American Indian tribes in the Mohawk Valley of New York. (p. 5)

Primogenture

the right of succession belonging to the firstborn child, especially the feudal rule by which the whole real estate of an intestate is passed to the eldest son

Civic Humanism

a variant of republicanism based around civil society, civic virtue, and mixed government

Protestant Reformation

(1500s) a schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other early Protestant Reformers

Counter-Reformation

(1545 - 1648) the period of Catholic Resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation

Reconquista

the period in which Spain tried to drive out the Muslims from Europe, ending immediately before the European re-discovery of the Americas

Vasco de Gama

(~1465 - 1524) a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea, beginning a sea-based phase of global multiculturalism

Hernan Cortes

(1485 - 1547) a Spanish Conquistador, leading the expedition that destroyed the Aztecs and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of King Castile

Aztecs

(1300s - 1500s) Mesoamerican native civilizations which allied and created an 'empire'; Montezuma was their best leader, who ended up allied with the Conquistadors, eventually being betrayed by them

Incas

(1438 - 1533) South American natives in the Andes, located in modern-day Peru, united as four separate provinces, and also destroyed by the Conquistadors

Columbian Exchange

(1400s - 1500s) the widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World

Mercantilism

(1500s - 1600s) the economic theory and practice of promoting the regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers

House of Burgesses

(1618) the first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America, established by Virginia to encourage English craftsmen to settle in the Americans, and to make conditions within colonies more agreeable

Chattel Slavery

the practice of slavery wherein the slaves are treated as the personal property of owners, bought and sold as commodities

Neo-Europes

the colonies which sought to replicate the economies and social structures preexisting in Europe

Indentured Servitude

an employee within a system of unfree labor bound by contract to work for a fixed period of time

Puritans

(1500s - 1600s) a group of English Reformed Protestants who sought to "purify" the Church of England from its "Catholic" practices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed

Pilgrims(Seperatists)

puritans who wanted to completely break away from the Church of England

established plymouth bay

Joint-Stock Corporation

(1550 - today) a business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders; each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by his or her shares, allowing for the unequal ownership of a business with some shareholders owning a bigger proportion of the company than others do

Town Meeting

(1600s) a form of direct democratic rule, used primarily in portions of the US, principally in New England, in which most or all the members of a community come together to legislate policy and budgets for local government

Phillip II

(1581 - 1598) a king of Spain, who sent the Spanish Armada to attack England and failed

John Winthrop

(~1587 - 1649) an English non separatist Puritan lawyer and a leading figure in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony; led the first large wave of immigrants from England in 1630 and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years
- wished to establish Mass as “A city on a hill“ - a model holy community

Anne Hutchinson

(1591 - 1643) a Puritan spiritual adviser, mother of 15, and an important participant in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638

Metacom

(1638 - 1676) a Wampanoag and the second son of the sachem Massasoit, becoming a sachem himself after his father and brother, and eventually led the opponents of the English with the goal of stopping Puritan expansion

Proprietorship

a type of business entity that is owned and run by one person and in which legally, the business is the owner

Quakers

(~1650 - today) a protestant Christian movement which professes the priesthood of all believers, including evangelical, holiness, liberal, and conservative understandings of Christianity

Navigation Acts

(1651 - 1663 unenforced - 1849 repealed) a series of English laws that restricted trade to be only with the mother country, reflecting the policy of mercantilism

Dominion of New England

(1686 - 1689) an administrative union of English colonies covering New England and the Mid-Atlantic Colonies except Pennsylvania; it structured similarly to the Spanish monarchy through the Viceroyalty of New Spain

Glorious Revolution

(1688 - 1689) the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians who made a Dutch statdholder William III of Orange king, who then established the Bill of Rights 1689

Second Hundred Years' War

(~1689 - 1815) a historical era defined by the many military conflicts between Great Britain and France, with Great Britain ending up with most of North America

Covenant Chain

a series of alliances and treaties developed during the 1600s, primarily between the Iroquois and the British colonies of North America

Triangular Trade System

(1400s - 1800s) a system of triangular trade where slaves were transported from Africa to the New World, while Europe traded textiles, rum, and manufactured goods to Africa, and the Americas trade sugar, tobacco, and cotton to Europe

Middle Passage

the stage of the triangular trade, considered a time of in-betweenness for those being traded from Africa to America

Stono Rebellion

(1739) a slave rebellion in the colony of South Carolina, crushed.

Salutary Neglect

(1696 - 1763) Britain's unofficial policy to relax the enforcement of strict regulations, particularly trade laws, imposed on the American colonies

Patronage

the power to control appointments to office or the right to privileges

Natural Rights

rights not dependent on the laws or customs of any particular culture or government, and therefore universal and inalienable for all humans

Deism

a theological/philosophical position in which observation of the natural world is enough to prove the existence of a god

Revival

a restoration of the church itself to a vital and fervent relationship with God after a period of moral decline

Old Lights

congregationalists who were suspicious of revivals

New Lights

Baptists who embraced revivals and focused on personal salvation

Consumer Revolution

(~1600 - ~1750) the period in England wherein the consumption and variety of luxury goods and products by varied peoples drastically increased

Maryland Toleration Act

• 1649 law that provided religious freedom for all Christians

Powhatan Confederacy

Group of Native Americans who traded with John Smith. The confederacy gets its name from its leader, Chief Powhatan.

Plymouth Colony

Colony founded by the Separatist Pilgrims who came over on the Mayflower. Located in New England.

Virginia Company

The first joint-stock company in the colonies; founded Jamestown; promised gold, conversion of Indian to Christianity, and passage to the Indies (pred. London Company whose charter was revoked.)

Captain John Smith

Jamestown's survival was largely due to his leadership; established harsh martial law in the colony to ensure that those who did not work would not eat

John Rolfe

Eased tensions b/t colonists and Indians when he married Pocahontas; discovered a new strain of tobacco; Tobacco cultivation became crucial to Virginia's economy; established the plantation system

Mayflower Compact

Regarded not as a constitution but as an agreement; Recognized James I as sovereign leader and all settlers as governing body; Agreed to majority rule

Bacon's Rebellion

Freedmen (former indentured servants) had difficulty working and living within the colonies and would often squat on Indian land; after several attacks from Indians, the freedmen requested protection from the gov't (Berkeley); when he refused to send aid and instead enacted policies to help the Indians, the freedmen were outraged; Nathaniel Bacon, an aristocrat and member of the House of Burgesses began mobilizing a militia to protect whites from Indians; massacred Indians and set fire to Jamestown causing Berkeley to flee; after Bacon died of disease, Berkeley crushed the rebellion;
SIGNIFICANCE: colonists began to realize how dangerous indentured servants were becoming and upped slave imports

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Headright System

The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

King Philip's War

1675-1676. longest and bloodiest conflict between settlers and natives in 17th century, native Wampanoag's resisted England encroachment on their land, they killed many settlers in MA, English joined with Mohawks to defeat them

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

The Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Saugus Iron Works

1646-68, used water power, and were of comparable technological level to European Counterparts; faced financial trouble leading to closure.
—> metal becomes important part of colonial economy

Pequot War

Conflict over trade, land, and resources. Pequots were allied with the Dutch, which angered English. Connecticut, Massachusetts, Plymouth, Narragansetts, and Mohegans worked together to defeat the Pequot, and commit a genocide, (1636-37).

Salem Witch Phenomenon

A series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693.
- characterized by mass hysteria, widespread paranoia, and the involvement of court trials that led to the execution of 20 people, mostly women.
- reflects the social, religious, and political turmoil of the time and has become a symbol of the dangers of isolationism, religious extremism, and scapegoating.

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

1610-1646
- three wars fought between English settlers of the Virginia Colony, and Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy in the early seventeenth century.

Taino

The first American Indians that Christopher Columbus met in the West Indies