ARH 315 Study

With lecture and Book defs

Brunelleschi

An architect known for designing the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore.

Santa Maria del Fiore

Cathedral in Florence, famous for its dome, designed by Brunelleschi.

First domed communal building

Linear Perspective

A mathematical system for creating the illusion of depth on a flat surface, started by Brunelleschi.

Coffers

Recessed panels in a ceiling, as seen in the design of San Lorenzo.

Clerestory

A high section of wall that contains windows above eye level to let in light.

Mannerism

Art movement that emerged in the late Renaissance, characterized by elongated forms and complex compositions.

Michelangelo

A Renaissance artist who completed the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore and designed the plan for St. Peter's Basilica.

Medici Family

A powerful and influential family in Florence, patrons of many Renaissance artists.

Palladio

An architect known for his villas, including the Villa Rotunda, which emphasized symmetry and classical forms.

Bramante's Tempietto

A small commemorative church in Rome marking the martyrdom of St. Peter.

(little Temple)

Roman Elements

Domed and centrally Planned

Site of St. Peters Cruxification

Doric triglyphs

Private devotion

Dome

A rounded vault forming the roof of a building.

Lantern

A structure at the top of a dome, allowing light inside.

Gothic Architecture

A style characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses.

Cross Plan

A layout of churches where the design resembles a cross.

Baroque Architecture

A style of architecture that emerged in the late 16th century, characterized by dramatic effects and grandeur.

Ecstasy of St. Theresa

A sculptural work by Bernini that dramatizes the spiritual experience of St. Theresa.

mix of materials (metal, plaster, and stone pained like plaster

Pavilion in the center

Hidden windows for lighting

light bounces off of rods and marble

Versailles Palace

A grand palace in France that symbolizes the absolute power of the monarchy.

different from Italian baroque

20 miles from the city

2 stories and a attic

rounded columns like St. Peters

rounded arch windows

interior

• high relief statues

• parque floors

• silver and gold

• many frescos

• tapastries

Shows power and authority

two salons- war and peace

used to spy

many outdoor rooms

Hall of Mirrors

An opulent gallery in the Palace of Versailles known for its large mirrors and chandeliers.

barrel vaults

gold statues

mirror- are normally rare (captures energy/ ass. with venus)

Orange trees (were notable)

Rococo Style

An artistic movement and style, characterized by ornate details and lightness.

Forbidden City

A historic palace complex in Beijing, serving as the home of Chinese emperors.

order and flexibility balance

tradition and innovation

buildings along the north and south axis

has a moat exterior

centrally planned

wall protection

Ottoman Mosque

A type of mosque in the Ottoman architectural style, characterized by large domes and minarets.

Suleymaniye Mosque

An Ottoman imperial mosque located on the Third Hill of Istanbul.

4 minarets

square and dome

mountain like

complex (culture and health)

arcitect- sinan (300+ buildings mainly mosques)

many water features (noise block)

many mosaics

structural rationalism (shows structure)

Crenellations

Notches on the top of a wall or structure for defensive purposes.

Tenochtitlan

The capital of the Aztec Empire is located in present-day Mexico City.

Hawk with the snake on a cactus

Gridded cellular buildings

Stone with mud and sticks

Cosways-bridges

Plumbing

Flat top pyramids

similar layout to the forbidden city

cross axial arrangement

Acoma Pueblo

One of the oldest continuously inhabited communities in North America, built atop a mesa.

"Sky city”

Adobe and faces the south

Prospect refugee

men- foundation and bricks

women- plaster

no interior circulation

Bramante’s St. Peter's Basilica

very brutalist

sharp edges

colossal order pilasters

Dome

4 great arches

corinthian columns

died before completion

Palladio's Villa Rotunda

A villa designed with symmetrical shapes and a central dome.

Cube with a dome

4 elevated entrance

Form over function (should be reversed)

Similar to Taj mahals with many entrances

8 interior Chambers

Great Mosque of Djenne

One of the greatest achievements of Sudano-Sahelian architecture in Mali.

Very defensive

courtyard entrance

qibla faces the market square

practical and political decision

classical

west African and Arabian styles

Mud brick

considered remote

columned interior

Tipis

Conical tents made of animal hides, used by various Native American tribes.

Made of buffalo hides

circle arrangements

Women-owned, made set up and down

Men-decorated

Shows hunting/warfare

natural pigments

Doors face the cardinal direction

Blackfoot/row/cheyenne

Wigwams (long houses)

Dome-shaped structures used by various Indigenous peoples of North America.

Wood w/ bark a straw mats

More labor intensive than tipis

domed

more permanent

Iglus

Dome-shaped, ice-block shelters traditionally used by Inuit peoples.

15×12

Underground passageways

Batammaliba Houses

Traditional dwellings in West Africa (togo & benin) represent social organization.

Earth and thatch

Monogamous (single family)

Rinded among gender lines

Gothic St. George's Church

A monolithic structure influenced by Hindu architectural styles.

hindu inspired

pilgrimage site

carved into sandstone

40 ft trenches

concentric cross on the roof

Versailles Gardens

Famous gardens designed in the French style, full of geometric designs.

Hotel de Soubise

An example of Rococo architecture in Paris.

Topkapi Saray

The central palace of the Ottoman Empire, features lavish gardens.

Gate of salutation (courtyards one and two)

Gate of felicity (two and three)

devshirme (slaves) and women live in the third courtyard

wall protections

crenellations (entrances with spots for arches on the top)

triyum

4 courtyards

next to the water

Martyrium

A structure built to commemorate the site of a martyr's death.

Exquisite domed forms

Characteristic of many Baroque and Byzantine architectural styles.

Michelangelo's Vestibule (ricetto) Laurentian's library

Transitional space in Laurentian Library, showcasing innovative design.

Fake windows

3 stories

Columns in wall crevices

Basilica Plan

A rectangular structure commonly used in churches, with a nave and aisles.

Doric Order

The simplest of the classical orders of architecture, characterized by sturdy columns.

Canopy

A covering or roof structure, often decorative, used over altars.

Colonnade

A row of columns supporting a roof or a series of arches.

Pietra Serena

A grey sandstone used in Renaissance architecture.

Symmetrical Design

A balanced and proportional design that reflects harmony.

Centrally Planned Design

An architectural layout centered around a main axis, often used in domed buildings.

Pavilion

A structure or building that is part of a larger complex.

Feminine Elements in Rococo

Design aspects in Rococo architecture that emphasize grace and elegance.

Martyrdom Sites

Locations commemorating the death of individuals for their beliefs.

Basilica Plan Churches

Churches designed in a rectangular plan with a central nave.

Mosaic Work

Decorative art created by arranging small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials.

Rounded arches a flat ceiling

70 Ft naves

Coffers

Dark and heavy

Celestories

Mathematical Order- Divine Order

San Lorenzo

Redentore

A church in Venice, designed by Andrea Palladio, known for its Renaissance architecture and significant historical context.

On the waters edge

Stacked pediments (5)

Sant’ Andrea

A church in Mantua, designed by Andrea Palladio, showcasing innovative use of space and classical elements.

Intellect architect

Start of cross shaped buildings

Darkness- = mystery

Centrally planned

Michelangelo St. Peters

Off of Brunelleschi

round a triangular pediment

paired columns

Centrally planned

San Estevan

private interior

Dark building with bright alter

Start of Baroque Arch

Similar to St. Peters

2 towers (symm.)

raised on holy ground

plaza in the front

Piazza Del popolo

Michiezzo, large gates

2 matching churches

center of the Christian pilgrimage

the piazza outside of the st. Peters

oval- encourages movement

colonade

doric order columns

piazza- popes blessing tower

center of Egyptian obulus

St. Peters Facade

narthex Entrance porch

dome- 40 stories tall

holds the relic

shows the passion of Christ

interior Solomonic columns (on the canopy and suggests movement)

San Carlino Alle quattro Fontane

Borromini

Tall but small

Baroque/gothic

more exotic and less color

Corinthian columns

no side chapels

axis and centrally planned

octagonal coffers (reps. weeks)

Dramatic Architectual elements

Versailles Garden and grounds

tryium- courtyard

kings apartment is the center

parteries- lawns and gardens

styling into shapes (embroidery patterns)

topiary- tree carvings

Salon dela Princesse (hotel de soubise)

rococo style (feminine)

grand style

aristocratic

rococo in Paris after 1715

natural inspiration (flower/trees)

love/beauty/life

reckless linearity

Upstairs

wifes area

instrument shapes in the decorations

white and gold

curved forms

mirror lined

first design without classical features (columns)

more color and feminine elements

Vierzenhnhelign (14 Saints)

cross shaped

no lavish decor

cloud like palette

no classical columns

Shah’s palace

2 mosques

court and great city mosque

shoes power and generosity

Chahar bagh plan

• four rivers- milk, honey, wine, water

in Isfahan (garden city)

Shah’s mosque (Masjid-I- Shah)

faces towards Mecca

off-centered courtyard

fewer functions besides mosque

iwans the height of the building

calligraphic and floral motifs

more madian access that ¾ courtyard of topkapi

Fatehpur Sikiri

Victorius Utopian City

nomatic city/military

more pavement than planting

some purposless buildings

hot climates

jalis (pierced screens)

mughal arch.

open structures

carved standstone

chhatris- umbrella towers

Taj Mahal

Shah Jahan (for him and his wife burial)

hindu wives

very cultured

suburban complex on waterfront

4 minarets

2 out buildings

• 1 mosque

charbagh- quadripartite garden (divided into segments by the water)

Marble

3 openings/entrances

4 symettrical quarters

shows political and creative power

Taihe Dian

hall of supreme harmony

place for celebrations

single story

columned supports (not walls)

stepped platforms

emperor’s pathways (never unassisted)

interior

• columned

• throne with gold leaf and laquer

• wooden frame

• ceiling- coffers

Himeji Castle

important location

scale- entire urban neighborhood

walled with a moat

Reflected social stratification

Privileged warrior in the center

than other are on the outside

on the outermost and in the front is the townspeople

stone walls- rustification

wooden frames on the tops (filled with clay and bamboo then covered with plaster and whitewash)

towers- several vertically stacked pavilions

pagoda- two heart-shaped towers that are withing a oval wall

Ninomaru Palace

second compound

appears fortified (not)

important spatial boundaries

Karaman gateway

shoin- reception hall (formal hall)

“flock of geese” arrangement

paper screen

elaborate gold ordamentation

white stucco with wood framing

3rd shoin (kurshoin)

Katsura Imperial Village

Katsura rikyu

made by 3 members of the imperial family

not city center (outskirts)

showed the poltical impotence of the builder

irregular shape

bamboo fencing

rustic (simple materials)

stone border

3 pavillions

3 shoins (same as the Nino.)

veranda- open arcade

no lavish decor

large garden

tea cermeonies (zen buddhism)

tree trunk columns

bamboo screens

outdoor pantry

Wabi Sabi (luxury/imperfect rustic/natural)

Tenshu

elevated on the hilltops

heavy stone base

guarding the castle

wood frame with plaster

multiple stones

varying roof lines

pyramidal formed tiered roofs

dry gardens

gardens that sue plants that thrive in dry climates

limited to no water features

suculents/cacti