midterm

What is the Pyramid of gaius testius?

Administered from Egypt after 30 BC

Who was buried at the Pyramid of gaius testius?

Shelley and Keates are buried here-most famous romantic poet

What is an amphora

long with handles for gripping, pointy for easy storing, different colors and shapes depending on where they came from and what color.

Where did most of the amphorae come from?

Baetica-southern Spain, best place to get olive oil 200lbs when full wholesale or sell to individuals

What would the Romans do with the amphorae after being used for storage?

Can be crushed and added into cement or used as a pipe

Ceramics dumped here in age of Augustus (0 BC) 140-250AD was most of it

Strategically stack in pyramids and fill half with shards to build up

What are the inscriptions on the amphorae?

track their valuables the Roman's woukd make sure they are getting their amount they paid for and so the Romans do not cheat

What was the aventine hill?

The most eastern hill, man-made/artificial, contained monte testaccio

What is tufo?

volcanic rock the Romans used to build their structures

Why were there more than 7 hills?

Rome was built on volcanic ground

What is a Palimpsest?

a manuscript or piece of writing material on which the original writing has been effaced to make room for later writing but of which traces remain.

How is the term Palimpsest used to describe Rome?

Rome is layered and built on top of itself

What was the aventine hill used for?

Festival Picnics- celebrate October wine fest

Sacred site

Middle Ages- bull fights

What was Augustus greatest feat?

get enough food into Rome. Need Olives, Grapes, Bread, more likely to have legumes than meat. Cannot feed a million people with the resources only surrounding Rome, urbanization, need Roman gov involved-people are rioting

What is Emporium?

greatest amount of warehouses right below this hill-400 massive warehouse

What is the Monte Testaccio?

(Coche-mound of broken pots)

the hill we sat on

170ft high, another 40 ft past the street

1km wide

53 million amphorae got 1.6 billion gallons of olive oil( for cleaning, cooking, lamps)

15 million liters of oil being used and container deposited per year

What is a basilica and what s it used for?

long rectangular shaped building in the Roman forum-secular building for 3 things law, offices, shops. Has 3 sections:2 aisles and a center section.

Jews were understood and more familiar to the Roman's than Christianity was-considered cannibals

Underground church to hide their practices

Constantine legalizes Christianity-legal to worship and worship publicly -not in Pagan church

Takes the secular basilica that had no religious relation and turns it into the church. The center of the cross- where baptismal and important practice take place

Who was Sabina?

beheaded for Christianity, her house was converted into an official church- basilica of Santa Sabina-Dominican church.

Been a church since early 5th century, then updated in Baroque period then reconverted back into how it looked has 24 fluted columns

What is spoilage?

where you take artifacts from one pagan culture and use in another place.

What were the 3 periods of Roman government?

1. Monarchy (753-509BC)

2. Republic (529-27BC)

3. Empire (27BC-476AD)

What was the Servian Wall?

Built out of Tufo: once cut it hardens, mark with Greek letters to count and keep track of how many they cut

Romulus builds the first one

named after the 6th king of rome servius tulius

Who were the etruscans?

speak non-Indo European language, different because they were in Italy first than Latin group moved in

Part of larger Mediterranean group that worship Olympian gods, also their adaptations and own native gods

What was Old Creie?

One of twelve principle Etruscan cities, not one Etruscan state, all different from each other. Get each other, but are independent from other territories

One of twelve principle Etruscan cities, not one Etruscan state, all different from each other. Get each other, but are independent from other territories

What is Trevertri?

a port city-brilliant because they have sanctuaries, so if you are Greek you feel safer

What is the monumental Tumuli

carved out of Tufo and take Tufo blocks to add on to it

What is the Necropolis?

city of the dead

Greeks, Romans, Etruscans- place the dead NOT where the living are

1st pit tombs with cremated ashes

2nd visa trench burials

Monuments building of necropolis- have wealth in Treveteri so they are able to build

7th and 6th century build

What is the Toma de Cabana

Tomb of the hut early 7th century BC

oldest chamber tomb of the necropolis

Thatched roof and forming of hut...symbolism of not carrying on from life to death but a further stage, mimicking their lifestyle before death

What is a tumulus?

a cylindrical encased tomb that holds a family. Earth piled on top of it

Probably competing for the largest tomb and want everyone to know they are so so wealthy

40m or 140ft wife. Monumental expense

Built for a single family and developed into ones that could take on the whole families, laid to rest in different compartments.

Door oriented to the northwest. Huge stone slabs were used for subsequent burials, for return of a burial

What other things were tombs used for?

rituals, ritual games, funerary rites-take body on a bier(cot) through town and adding more as you proceed through town to take with them to the afterlife

Games: horse racing, gladiators( letting blood to satisfy the dead), wrestling

What are ancestor cults?

need to be respectful because they look back on their founders and look at later generations, see the tombs of their ancestors, as the dead family grows the chamber grows

wealthy members of society

What is the entrance to the tomb called?

The dromos

What did the tombs look like in the 6th century?

Carved Bed, more rectangular, more room for ancestors, ridge bear to hold up central weight of tomb

What are the tomb of the relief?

Late 4th early 3rd century

Metunas Family- These Matunas Son of Lagris had this tomb built

Different from neighboring tombs- inst covered by earth but encapsulated in bedrock

All of the features are made out of Tufo. There are two pillars that hold the double sloping ceiling

Decorated for family wealth-13 reliefs, weapons that were commonly used during this time, reminder of the dead and Etruscan life

Have strong statement to say about their status and accomplishments, when the economy was at a low

What was Bcchero?

fine ware ceramic

Different kinda of wears or type of material

Heated without oxygen which excites the iron in terracotta-turns red, orange or brown. Therefore it's black all the way through since they manipulated the oxygen

Very shiny. Furnished once heated-developed in Treveteri in 7th century, to replicate silver

The shape-tell is the use and period of the vessel. Drinking and pouring vessel in the afterlife.

Ariboloy

Very small vessels are coming from Corinth. Hold perfumes

Gold Fibulae to show off wealth

Dice

have different numbers on them. Total 7 on each side. Therefore figure out 4 and the 6 in Etruscan language

Foldable stool

an aristocrat 6th century BC the metal extended it. Elites hold these as a sign that they are magistrates. Roman's also sit on foldable stools

Bronze lituis

what a Roman priest holds to signify power got this from the Etruscans. Elite markers of status were borrowed by the Romans from the Etruscans and make it their own

Black figure

painting in black and using a toothpick to scrape it of. Very datable and ID who the painter was. 85% of vases from Athens are found in Etruria

Shows that Etruscans are part of a global network and we can learn more about the artist.

Euphronious Krater

late 6th century

Red figure vase. Paint the background.

Drinking bowl. Master works of artistry and we know Euphronius made it because he signed it

Hermes and his petsos. Traveling God

He looks like he is losing blood, so that his is definitely dead. Hermes helps carry the dead to their sleeping place. Sarpedon was the man who died. Son of Zeus he fight a for the Trojan he dies for the Zillow's and Zeus cannot help him

Very very minute detail

What does urbs vetus mean?

Old city

Volsini/Velsna-Etruscan Name for Orvieto

Why were Etruscan cities on hills or high plateaus?

Naturally defendable, but Roman's do eventually conquer Orvieto. Move the people down to Bolsena. Roman's are more low lying, have a great network of roads.

Why do we look at the Etruscan cemetaries and not their places of residence to understand them?

Cemeteries are not where the living space is. There is later occupation so it is harder to get to the Etruscan settlements. That is why they dug underground, they used the Tufo efficiently.

Etruscan settlements were medieval and Moderna times therefore we cannot see how their domestic life was, so look at their dead.

What was Crociffico del Tufo?

6th Century

Gridded streets. Instead of one family that keeps branching off, there is one cube designated for two people. They have orthogonal planning-gridded planning around right angles.

Middle Class-instead of monumental tombs, not much aristocracy, more egalitarian. Late Archaic and Classical

Where Etruscans we're moved. German priest having doubts about body of Christ. The body turned into blood. Miracle of Bolsena. The pop living in Orvieto confirmed it's a miracle and brought the blood soaked cloth here.

When was Rome founded?

April 21st, 753BC

What was the Forum Romanum originally used for?

Used to flood badly and become a swamp. Could not use that land

Clan leaders decide to use this space for burial grounds. Not good for anything else.