Europe 1500s

Contact With Muslim Land

A series of religious and political wars ended up with contact with Muslim land, led to the spread of culture and inventions (such as the hospital, universities, the number 0)

The Fall of Constantinople

The fall (1453) caused people to flee from Constantinople (Christian) after it was sacked by Muslims which led to the spread of the inventions and ideas of people who used to inhabit Constantinople.

Agricultural Revolution and Climate Change

An agricultural revolution from climate change leading to warmer, drier land gave more farming opportunities which led to increase in food and population, which led to new towns (first of their kind), cities, jobs, trade, and inventions (such as the 3-field system, plows, horseshoes, and horse collars)

Black Plague

The Black Death (Plague) killed 1/3 of the population of Europe which meant that people either turned towards or away from the church, trade stopped, and labors died. After/during people decided to star over, left, and messed with the current social structure.

Printing Press

Invented by Johann Gutenberg, which led to an easier way to print, leading to more books and Bibles (spread of knowledge and religion)

Al-Andulas

Contact with Muslim Land:

(711 CE - 1492 CE)

• Islamic Empire Ruled Spain

• Empire brought their innovations such as hospitals, universities and the number zero

The Crusades

Contact with Muslim Land:

a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups

(1095 CE - 1492 CE)

• The leader of the Christian Church (the Pope) sent Europeans to conquer what they believed was their holy land in the Middle East

• The campaigns were largely unsuccessful

Individualism

Humans as a whole were not more focused on, but the individual person focused on themselves and what they were capable of/could accomplish as well

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Ex. modern art and expression, copyright, being yourself

secularism

Secular means belonging to the world; people living in the present and not in another world (the world where God is)

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belonging to this world, a focus on the nonreligious

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Ex. Focus on the world around you instead of religion (thinking more of surviving/thriving), maybe a hobby

humanism

People were more focused on humans than the God(s) and what they were doing

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focus on human potential and achievement

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Ex. art was focused on people/hoe beautiful they were

skepticism

attitude of doubt, not believing in the truth being presented, questioning EVERYTHING

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Ex. Renaissance artists questioned with Medieval artists did and changed it, people questioned the church

worldly pleasures

People were interested in material possessions and the worth to satisfy their desires

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materialism

feudalism

form of government based on holding of land alliances between lords, vessels loyalty and there work for land/protection, focused on ranking of authority

king

Manorialism

political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord

• people moved to manors which led to isolation

• land is everything, money is not well-circulated

feudal contract

an exchange of pledges established by custom and tradition that created the economic and political relationship between lords and vassals, or lesser lords, it was based on an exchange of land, for loyalty, protection, safety, and military service

perspective

the art of drawing solid objects on a two-dimensional surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth, and position in relation to each other when viewed from a particular point.

chiaroscuro

difference between light and dark (shadows, shading), gives art depth

contrapposto

hips turned away from shoulders (weight is more on one foot hat the other)(makes people more realistic, less boxy) (bend)

sufmato

things get hazier as they fade into the background

city-state

cities that were independent, governed only itself and the surrounding countryside (like territories), ruled by despots

Florence

known for its history and its importance in the Middle Ages and in the Renaissance, especially for its art and architecture, centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of the time, considered the birthplace of the Renaissance

patron

In the Middle Ages and in the Renaissance works of art were commissioned, that is they were ordered by a ---- (the person paying for the work of art), and then made to order

despot

a ruler or other person who holds absolute power, typically one who exercises it in a cruel or oppressive way, rule of city-states

Niccolo Machiavelli

man whose ideas influenced many leaders, based on absolute power and taking advantage of others trust

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1469 Born in Florence - one of the prominent Italian city-states which was led by Lorenzo the Magnificent

1492 Lorenzo died and soon the Medici were driven from power; Florence was declared a republic

1498-1512 ------- worked in a high position in the Florentine Republic

1512 the Medici return to power. ----- was dismissed and later arrested and tortured by the Medici government

1512-1526 ------- wrote books about governments, history, and leadership including “The Prince” in 1513

1527 ------ died

__The Prince is seen now as a “Handbook for Dictators”.__ 

Johann Gutenberg

invented the printing press, in the 1400s, the more books were being published, including the *Bible*, led to massive increases in literacy rates in Europe over the next several hundred years

Medici Family

example of despots of city-states

an art-loving family of wealthy bankers (and three popes), helped fund the Renaissance. They regularly hosted artists and commissioned art for their palace and their family tomb — the Medici Chapel — a masterpiece by Michelangelo.

Leonardo da Vinci

• painted the “Last Supper” (1494-1498 CE); a painting of Jesus before he was betrayed

  • called a fresco (mural painting technique that involves painting with water-based paint directly onto wet plaster so that the paint becomes an integral part of the plaster)

• it’s fading, the technique he used was not efficient

• used all of the Renaissance techniques discussed

Michelangelo

\------was a sculptor, painter and architect widely considered to be one of the greatest artists of the Renaissance—and arguably of all time. His work demonstrated a blend of psychological insight, physical realism and intensity never before seen.

Story: He made a sculpture of Mary holding Jesus after being taken doing from the Crucifix, very realistic. Heard people saying it wasn’t his so he snuck back into the church were it was that night and carved his name onto it.

Henry the Navigator

Portugal (1394-1460 CE)

• first explorer of Europe

• prince of Portugal

• begins school of navigation to bring smart people together to organize missions, was the starting factor (made it possible)

  • finds inventors, calligraphers, people who could modify ships (made triangle sails instead of square, more speed)

Bartolomeu Dias

Portugal (1487-88 CE)

• explorer

• makes it to the southern tip of Africa for the first time for explorers, found cape of storms, get there by hugging the coast of Africa + a bit of Europe

  • doesn’t mean he was the first person to ever reach southern tip of Africa, natives there before, in his logs he talks about people

Vasco de Gama

Portugal (1497-98 CE)

• explorer

• Bartolomeu Dias had wanted to go on (lead) another expedition but ---- was going to be the leader instead

• makes it to India, around Africa to Swahili Coast

Christopher Columbus

Spain (1492)

• power shift to Spain, where explorers are coming froml

• he sailed across the Atlantic and found part of America (the Caribbean Islands)

  • he thought he had found India

Ferdinand Magellan

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(1480–1521) was

• a Portuguese explorer

• credited with masterminding the first expedition to circumnavigate the world; traveled around the world for the first time

  • Magellan was sponsored by Spain to travel west across the Atlantic in search of the East Indies

joint-stock company

investors by shares of stock in companies

* including people combing wealth for the common purpose

inflation

people have more money to spend, demand more of goods + service, supply of such goods becomes less because of the high demand, become more valued + expensive, prices rise

capitalism

economic system based on private ownership & investors of resource, such as $$$ for profit

• merchants could gain more wealth, the government isn’t solely depended on for wealth

  • profit allows merchants to grow even more

• led to increase in Europe economy activity = increase in nations money (then inflation)

mercantilism

theory that countries power depended on wealth

* wealth let people build strong navies + purchase vital goods
* high demand for wealth which was achieved by obtaining gold/silver or establishing favorable balance (more goods sold than bought)

Columbian Exchange

global transfer of food, plants, animals, & animals during colonization

* ships from America brought new items to Asia, Europe, and Africa and vise versa

3 Gs

Historians describe the motivation for European overseas exploration, expansion, and conquests with the phrase, “Gold, God, and Glory.”

Zwingli

Part of Reformation

• wanted the clergy to be able to marry

• killed in a battle over beliefs

Hus

Part of Reformation

* challenged selling of indulgences: a way to help yourself go to Heaven, payment of penalty (released from purgatory after death)
* could be bought for someone else

Wycliffe

Part of Reformation

* promoted translation of Bible
* the Bible was in latin so the public couldn’t read it; only priests/clergy

Waldo

Part of Reformation

* challenged wealth of Pope + others, wanted to help the poor people

Martin Luther

Part of Reformation

• most important/known person of reformation, most influential

• shared the ideas of all the other reformers

Background:

• father wanted him to be a lawyer, study law

• switched to theology, study of religion

  • studied at Withers University, Germany

Protest:

• Oct. 31, 1517 he posted 95 Theses: 95 complaints against the Church

  • printing press spread ideas

  • protests got to America

  • led to religious wars across Europe

• if he was closer to Rome he would probably have died, crime to go against the Church

Pope

1. The leader of the Christian Church, held pretty much all power (like a king)

Cardinals

2. oversaw a lot, 2nd in command

Archbishops

3. oversee bishops

Bishops

4. they organize the priests

Priests

5. have a specific uniform, must be male, preach/due cermons

Deacons

6. like assistants to priests

The Laity

7. the common people

Church Hierarchy

was part of every aspect of life, ruled the schedule of the day, politics, religion, social contact, etc.

1. Pope

2. Cardinals

3. Archbishops

4. Bishops

5. Priests

6. Deacons

7. The Laity

   *Each oversaw the group below them

95 Theses

Luther’s 95 reasons the Church needed reform; how the Church had to fix themselves/the rules

Reformation

began in the 1500s, also called the __Protest__ant __Reform__ation

* reform due to protest

a religious movement during the 1500s that started an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church & ended up creating new Church’s (Protestant)

Schism

a split/division between two groups (like within a religion) caused by differences in opinion/belief

Vatican

Headquarters of Roman Catholic Church

Clergy

people who worked for the church

Ex. priests

vassals

A person granted the use of land in return for protection and fealty

lord

person at top of feudal relationship

peasant

person granted use of land in return for fealty, and sometimes military service 

feif

land exchanged in feudal contract (not meant to be a permanent transfer of property, becomes hereditary over time)