WVU EXAMS 1,2,3 for CSAD 336

As young children learn language, they begin to associate the "word" (i.e., the oral phonemes) with what it represents. This object or concept with which the word is associated is commonly referred to as the ____________.

Referent

At what stage of development do we have the most synaptic connections?

infancy

To measure the amount of language to which the children were exposed, the researchers measured what from the adults?

total number of words used by adults

Sally was telling her friends about her weekend when she said, "the ice was slippery and caused me to slip onto the sidewalk." What type of morpheme is used in "caused?"

Grammatical

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the implications of the article by Larson et al. (2019)?

Caregivers in the home setting provide more opporutnities for conversational turns for low SES children as compared to daycares.

Variability in language skills is least likely to be impacted by which of the following _____________.

Gender

Michael and Jane are having a conversation. Michael says he really hopes that the Mountaineers win the next basketball game. Sarah says she agrees that they have been struggling. In this scenario, Michael's initiation of the conversation makes him the _____________.

Sender

After returning to school from the pandemic, Garret was excited to see his friends and began to tell them the story of his beach vacation during lunch. Garret's language then would best be classified as (a) _________________.

narrative

Which of the following is true relative to the processing of sounds (speech)?

Neurological transmission of sound occurs via the afferent auditory pathway.

Michael is holding his 3-month old and talking to the young infant saying, "you are very strong. Holding your head up. Look at you." During his talking, the child is learning about the phonological system and one aspect he is learning about is using word and syllable and stress patterns to take the longer phrases and break it into words. The infant is using ___________.

Prosodic cues

Sarah was playing a game with her classmate and said, "Touch the rostral portion of your brain." Her friend touched which part of her head?

the front

As we age, our brain goes through a process of lessening the number of synaptic connections in the brain. This process is referred to as _____________.

synaptic pruning

Individuals learning German and English is an example of a person who is __________.

Bilingual

Which of the following areas of the brain assists in the processing of syntax and morphology (grammar)?

Wernicke's area

Related to semantics, which of these portions of the brain are most likely to be utilized when processing concrete nouns?

left temporal and parietal lobes

Which cranial nerve would have the largest impact on extralinguistic cues related to providing facial expressions?

Facial (VII)

The words that I know are stored in my personal ____________.

lexicon

This lobe is the primary place where one engages in thought such as considering the perspective of others, figuring out a number of solutions to their problems, and being aware of how other's are reacting to what they are saying by processing facial expressions and body language.

frontal lobe

Sarah is talking with her grandmother and her grandmother says that her friend has become a "wet rag." Sarah asks her what that means, and her grandmother explains that it is someone who puts a damper on her fun. This change in word usage would exemplify which of the following elements of language?

Language is dynamic

Bloom & Lahey's model of language includes three areas (form, content, use). Which of the 5 areas of language is included in use?

Pragmatics

Experience-expectant plasticity is associated with the brain's ability

the normal ability for the brain to acquire language during the sensitive period.

Which of the following statements is true relative to morphology and syntax?

Animals are unable to learn to use and understand morphology and syntax.

In the following sentence, the word disappointment has how many phonemes and how many morphemes?

12, 3

Sarah is playing with her 27-month old nephew and he says, "Me not want carrots." How many morphemes are in this utterance?

5

The 12-month old child hears her mom say "bottle. Want your bottle. Bottle. Your bottle" as she hands her a bottle of milk. During these utterances, the child is learning what about the word?

phonological pattern, part of speech, meaning

The teenage daughter was talking to her mother about going to the school dance. As her mother said she would be picking her up 15 minutes early, the teenager responded by saying "I love being picked up early" in an annoyed pitch as she rolled her eyes and crossed her arms. The daughter's eye rolling and arm crossing were what type of feedback to her mother?

Extralinguistic

Brandon had damage to his efferent central nervous system, specifically affecting cranial nerve IX. . Therefore, you would expect Brandon to have difficulties which of the following.

movement of his tongue

When we are teaching words, the best way to improve learning of these words is to _____________.

use the words in natural context

We now know that while aspects of language are processed within the Heschl's gyrus. However, recent research has observed that there are other areas that are activated in both the left and right temporal lobes. This more recent research would be evidnce for

connectionist model

Brian is in science class and is trying to do his assignment. He leans over to a classmate and says, "So, what are we supposed to do?" Brian's communication act would best be classified as _______________.

Heuristic

Sarah slipped on the ice as she walked into Allen Hall and hit the posterior, inferior portion of her head. Which lobe of her brain was most likely to be affected?

cerebellum

One of the characteristics of language that is special to humans is the ability to discuss or talk about events that are not in the present. This aspect is referred to as _________.

Semanticity

Jillian is 5-years old and has begun to learn to pair the sounds of English with the letters of the alphabet. She is excited to begin spelling. This skill is best classified as _____________.

phonemic awareness

As air is released through the vocal cords into the oral and nasal cavities during speech production, the sound can change shape based upon the shape of these cavities. This phase of speech production is referred to as _______________.

Resonation

Grayson, a 10-month old, sees his mom walk through the living room and begins to point to the ground beside him while he says, "mommy." This communication act would best be classified as

Regulatory

When you read the article by Larson et al. (2019) comparing the use of language at home and in daycares, which setting was found to have the most complex language used by adults?

home

The toddler classroom was doing circle time and began to use sticks to "beat" out the syllables in words like "Butterfly, jump, rainbow." This activity would be classified as what type?

Phonological awareness

Sarah is 14 months old and playing dolls with her mother. As she is digging through the tub, she looks up and says "want" while pretending to brush her hair (moving her closed fist down and up over her head). Her mom says, "the brush. You want the brush. Hm, let's find the brush." Sarah's gesture would be an example of:

Iconic communication

To ease the memory burden, individuals link words in their lexicon together based on these three factors.

Phonological pattern, syntactic class, and meaning

To evaluate the growth of children's language system, we sometimes measure their development and treatment progress using the average number of morphemes per utterance. This calculation is referred to as __________.

mean length of utterance

Which of the following statements would be true related to child-directed speech?

The complexity of child-directed speech varies between children.

Jackson was diagnosed with a primary language disorder at 4 years of age. The specific disorder that Jackson had was _________.

Developmental language disorder

Lydia has had a respiratory cold and "lost her voice." Right now she is struggling with which portion of the system of speech?

Phonation

The ability of new portions of the brain to learn "new skills" when there is damage in another portion of the brain (i.e., regeneration of connections) is referred to as ________________.

neural plasticity

Maria is grouping together her clothes in her closet and decides to do this by color. What type of categorization is she using?

Perceptual

Joy is 9 months old and has to move from the pre-linguistic to the linguistic stage. What would you expect to observe in her language skills?

referential gestures and category formation

Michelle is playing with her young infant who has begun to make vowel-like productions. What age would you expect her child to be?

2 months

Elias is playing with his dinosaurs on the floor. He sees one that is on the couch across the room and turns to his mom. He begins pointing as he looks at her and vocalizes. What type of gesture and pragmatic function is he displaying?

distal point and request for object

Declan is 10 months old and loves to stand on the couch in the picture window and wave at people as they go. What type of communication is Declan using?

Representational, greeting

Sara is conducting a research study to evaluate whether or not young infants can perceive differences in phonemes. Which of the following activities would be appropriate to utilize with an infant?

nonnutrive sucking

Jackson is 7 months and imitating the facial expressions that his dad is making. Jackson is exhibiting ___________.

joint attention

This theory poses that children learn language through conditioning and shaping based upon whether interactions are reinforced or punished. Which theory would this be?

Behaviorist

You are working with a parent of a young child and decide to teach them to join in with them to play, get face-to-face when reading, and to say the names of items around the child. You are trying to increase the parent's _____________.

caregiver responsiveness

Lilly has begun to engage with her mother by looking at toys her mother holds as well as books and imitate facial expressions. What skill is Lilly exhibiting?

joint attention

Which of the following statements best describes the research findings relative to use of gestures across cultures?

Mothers exhibited similar caregiver responsiveness across the groups.

The social-interactionist theory is known for _____________ which emphasizes that children have an independent level of language which can be supported by peers and adults so the child is able to perform a more complex language task.

zone of proximal development

This theory proposes that singular areas of the brain are assigned specific duties such as grammar or vocabulary. Which theory is this?

Modularity

Jackson is a typically developing child who uses a combination of words and gestures. In what age range would you expect Jackson to be?

12-24 months

At what age do children begin to combine words (2-word phrases)?

18 months

A parent is interacting with their young infant. As they do, the parent begins talking and saying "Hi pretty girl. Hungry. The pretty girl's hungry. Hungry." As the parent says this, the pitch is high and the words are drawn out due to a slow prosody as their facial expressions are also exaggerated. The parent is using _____.

infant directed speech

In this test activity, what area of the child's language system is being assessed? https://youtu.be/yNKe7wT9wKw

Expressive vocabulary

In this video, the child is asked to identify "what you use to drink water." What type of categorical knowledge is the test assessing?

https://youtu.be/-szCRbgR2Hc

Conceptual

On this task, what area of the child's language system is being evaluated?

https://youtu.be/-szCRbgR2Hc

receptive vocabulary

Brad is working with a toddler to teach him different zoo animals. As he labels the animals, he uses short phrases. He does this so the child will learn ______________.

the syntactic class of the word

What three aspects of a word are stored when we learn a new word?

the meaning, the phonetic shape, the syntactic class

In this clip that exhibits book reading with toddlers, the adult utilizes a variety of strategies that are recommended to facilitate language. Which of these were used based on the video? https://youtu.be/wnF0-Wr3Xn8

at the child's level, paired with gestures, targeted concrete words

Lydia is 11 months old and often lets her mother know what she wants by pointing, leading her to what she wants or other gestures. What stage of development is Lydia in currently?

Intentional, Illocutionary

Sammy has recently begun combining 2-words together such as "more cookie" and "mommy sit." What type of semantic relation would you classify Sammy's production of "mommy sit."

Agent + Action

Dr. Gilbert wants to determine what the brain does when different phonetic sounds are presented to a young child. So, she conducts a study which provides brain images for her to review. This would be what type of research?

basic

Which of the following factors related to language development is a relevant at young ages but diminishes as children grow?

gender

Jeff asks his friends to think of sweet foods. One friend says, "cake" and another friend says "Reeses peanut butter cups." What type of word in this category of sweet foods would "Reeses peanut butter cups" be?

Subordinate

Simon is 6 months old and playing in his crib. His mom overhears him say "ba" and thinks he labeled the ball in his room. However, as she goes in she notices that he is looking away from the ball and is continuing to say this as he plays with his toes. Simon didn't say a real word because his vocalization lacked _______.

intentionality

Sammy has recently begun combining 2-words together such as "more cookie" and "mommy sit." Approximately how old would you suspect that Sammy is?

18 months

This theory proposes that as a child's cognitive abilities become more complex, the child's language skills also become more complex so the child is able to express the ideas and beliefs as well as explain the rationale for these thoughts.

Cognitive Theory

Robert is listening to his son as he plays. The child has begun to make clear sound productions such as "babababa." What age would you predict Robert's son to be?

5-10 months

Miguel is in 2nd grade and focused on becoming a smoothe reader who can efficiently read words accurately. This stage is referred to as

confirmation, fluency, ungluing from print

Jack is 3 years old and said the following words. Which of these phonological processes would you expect to be suppressed first?

"cu" for "cup"

By 18 years of age, an individual understands approximately how many words?

60,000

The use of deictic words (this, that, there) are examples of

decontextualized language

Mason has begun to speak in grammatically correct sentences, using correct verb-tense agreement with 90% accuracy. How old would you estimate Mason to be?

60 months

Sarah is 4 years old and is able to accurately identify the letters a, d, c, f, g as opposed to p, r, t, and w. This exemplifies what aspect of her print knowledge?

letter-order hypothesis

Which utterance has an uncontractible auxiliary in it?

the girl was wanting to go talk to the aliens.

The ability for preschool children to identify words that begin with the sound /b/ requires the development of

metalinguistic skills

Mia has begun to write complex papers that utilize more complex syntax than she uses in her oral presentations. How would would you estimate that Mia is?

16 years

Dr. Gilbert needs to go to Trinity School in Morgantown to evaluate students who may be in need of services. What type of assessment would be most appropriate?

Screening

Which of the following sentences contains the earliest acquired grammatical morpheme?

He walking home.

Ethan has begun to tell his mom stories about about his favorite animals, dinosaurs. The stories tend to be sequences of actions by the dinosaurs. How old do you think Ethan is since he just started telling narratives?

40 months

Olivia has been asked to write a paper comparing the impact of the stock market crash for rural and urban American during the 1920s and 1930s. This would be an example of what genre?

expository

Sally is at circle time with her class and the teacher is reading a book titled "Tops and Bottoms" where the rabbit negotiates with the bear. Sally figures out that negotiate must mean that you have a fight and then figure out an answer based on the actions in the story with the bear and rabbit. This is an example of

fast mapping

Sarah is playing toys with a preschooler in the classroom. As he is fishing with the pole, she says, "You hooked the fish. You got it. The fish is on your hook."

parallel talk

Which of the following theories adapts the rules for how we use language based upon the genre and context of the conversation.

theory of mind

Ace is playing with his friends and says, "Hand me that" as he points at the drill. His friend doesn't look up and hands him the hammer. Ace says, "No that. I want the drill. Not the hammer." Ace's first request violated which conversational maxim?

Quantity

Evan is in 7th grade and has been provided 10 words that will be taught this week on the unit of the solar system. His teacher asks the students to write definitions of the words and then use them in a sentence. These activities would be an example of

direct instruction

Which of the following descriptions exemplifies what occurs during extended mapping?

Sarah's mom tells her that she is frustrated. Her mom explains that when she asks Sarah to clean up her toys and she doesn't do it, she gets upset because Sarah isn't listening. This makes her sad because she wants Sarah to listen to her the first time. Her mom says you get frustrated when your brother takes your toy and then asks, "Can you think of other times that you are frustrated?"

The type of vocabulary words that are learned between prior to the school-age years would be in what class?

Tier 1

Sophia is 4 and playing with her babysitter. She says, "Baby want to eat more." To model only correct grammatical morphology, what facilitative technique would the babysitter use and what might she say?

Recast: "Baby wants to eat more."

Sam is talking with his mom about how to play his video games. He explains the purpose and talks about what he does to try and win. As he turns to his 4-year old brother, he begins to u

His ability to adapt his language to his conversational partner.

You are completing an evaluation and need to evaluate a student's morphosyntax skills. Which data would be most appropriate to do this?

Percent grammatical utterances

Oliver is a 3rd grade teacher in WV and is worried about his students' reading comprehension. What area would he want to target heavily in class given that it has the largest impact on reading comprehension?

vocabulary size

In the video demonstrating Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development, the young boy fails to understand what the adult can see around the mountain as compared to him. This provides information about his current development of:

https://youtu.be/TRF27F2bn-A

theory of mind