APUSH unit 6

Problems of the Reconstruction Era

Who is in charge?; How should the southern states be readmitted?; what is to be done about former slaves?; what should happen to confederates?

Lincoln's Plan

10% plan, if 10% of the population of a southern state swears loyalty to the union and gets rid of slavery and does something to help the ex slaves, they can join the union and the government, considered lenient

Congress's Plan

Wade-Davis Bill, 50% of population has to take ironclad oaths, swear they have never not been loyal to the US, Lincoln pocket vetos this bill

Johnson's Plan

Similar to Lincoln's Plan, but confederates had to appeal directly to him to vote and hold office again, northern-dominated congress did not trust him

Andrew Johnson

no one's choice in president, only VP to get Lincoln more votes, term is very dysfunctional, first president to be impeached, very racist, violated tenure of office

Things Johnson Vetos

expansion of freedman's bureau, civil rights bill of 1886

Ulysses S Grant

reputation is mostly positive, serves 2 terms

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners, seen as sell outs

Carpetbaggers

northerners come to take advantage of reconstruction economically and politically, south sees them as foreigners

Sharecropping/Tenant Farming

agricultural system where black/poor white farmers rented land in exchange for a certain "share" of the year's crop; landowners manipulated the system to keep tenants in permanent debt and unable to leave

"40 acres and a mule"

original concept to redistribute land from planters to freedmen, negated by gov bc too radical

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War, first federal welfare program?

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment

gave African American men the right to vote

Cocklingites vs Halfbreeds

two sections of the republican gov who opposed each other and fought over who would distribute the public's spoils

Ruthorford B. Hayes

chosen bc he was from Ohio which as a swing state, republican candidate

Election of 1876

Samuel J Tilden receives more votes, election is deadlocked because the constitution does not way who should count returns, republicans claim that democrats won because they stopped african americans from voting

Electoral Count Act

this act set up an electoral commission consisting of 15 people from the senate, house, and supreme court, voted to accept republican returns as long as they removed troops from the south, COMPROMISE OF 1877, made bc fear there would be no president

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Jim Crow Laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal, ended up not really equal

Industrial Expansion

government pushes the US to have more railroads than europe, helps them to expand

Beltways

accumulated to more area than the state of Texas, gov gave land to help railroad to expand west, much of the land went unused

Who benefits from railroads?

Gov gets better postal service and military transportation; RR companies make money; frontier villages w RR become successful

Union Pacific Railroad

made possible by south seceding from union, more direct path to California, commissioned by congress, builders made profit based on distance built

Money during Industrialization

money was made very fast, Credit mobilier made profit off of pocketing money, used to bribe congressmen to ignore the railroads

Union Pacific Railroad Gangs

Irish paddies worked insanely fast, lived in hells on wheels (tented towns) next to the railroad

Central Pacific Railroad

started in California and went east, financed by the big four (prominent bankers), didn't bribe congressmen, joined with union pacific railroad

Railroad Workers

Chinese immigrants bc cheap labor and efficient, much harder time mining because on mountains

Environmental Impact

divided bison herds and pushed them to near extinction, reduced food for indians as an effect, white pine forests basically disappeared, prairie grass replaced with corn

The Great Northern

The northernmost of the transcontinental railroad lines, organized by economically wise and public-spirited industrialist James J. Hill.

End of Railroads

more rails were built that led to nowhere because the workers were paid by the line, went bankrupt and screwed over investors

"Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt

Built the New York Central Railroad System, often lowered rates on his rails to get more business

Improvements to Railroads

steel rails, westinghouse rail brake, pullman palace cars

Worlds largest national market

basically everyone employed by railroads, almost all investments, transportation increases, new european settlers

Time zones

divided into 4 sections by the railroad companies who wanted train schedules to be consistent

Jay Gould

stock manipulation and stock watering, railroad managers have to charge outrageous rates

1870 Economic Depression

fueled by farmers protesting the railroads and putting them into bankruptcy, interstate commerce act

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois

prohibited states from regulating interstate commerce, federal gov regulates railroad industry

Problems faced by farmers

many went bankrupt due to mortgage rates and low crop yields, droughts, become populists, want gov to make policies that benefit them

Bimetallism

A monetary system in which the government would give citizens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks, wanted by the poor

1892 Omaha Platform

populists gather in Omaha to talk about goals, graduated impact tax, gov ownership of railroads, presidential candidate James B Weaver

Death of Populism

faded into the democrats after they lost the election of 1896, democrats tried to absorb their goals so they would join their party

Gold Standard Act

Signed by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money must be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in circulation.

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to railroad companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Cross of Gold Speech

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold

the people's party

formed in 1892, the populist party was created by farmers' alliances. The peoples' party supported the abolition of national banks and the government ownership of railroads

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing, caused by panic of 1893

Coxey's Army

unemployed workers marched from ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for government relief

Effects of Populism

income tax laws, first time there is a large scale class structure, inspires progressives

Italians

many worked as industrial laborers and in construction companies, settled in New York in ethnic neighborhoods

Eastern Europeans

Poland, Russia, Germany , Austria, uprooted by redistribution of land after the end of serfdom, religious persecution, overpopulation, established roman catholicism, poorest group of immigrants

Jews

Jewish attacked out of Russia, escaping from anti semitic laws that were put in place, worked in New York garment district, became the center of fashion

Chinese

left due to labor shortages and political unrest, found jobs in the railroad industry, eventually settled in cities and made chinatowns

Kearneyites

they were followers of Denis Kearney who formed the Workingman's Party of California in 1877 to protest a variety of issues that troubled the state's workers, including rampant unemployment, dishonest banking, inequitable taxation, land monopoly, the growing power of railroads, and the immigration of Chinese laborers. In 1879 they became a significant political force in California.

Ellis Island

An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy

Ethnic Neighborhoods (Ghettos)

a neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs

Eugenics

the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics, in this case to breed the bad qualities out of immigrants

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

xenophobia

a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

US v. Wong Kim Ark

Supreme Court case in 1898 that attempted to strip the native-born Chinese-Americans from their American citizenship; Supreme Court ruled that by the Fourteenth Amendment, all persons born in the U.S. are guaranteed citizenship

Great Strike of 1877

large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men

census in 1890

Superintendent announced that the frontier of the U.S was no longer discernible in 1840- all unsettled grants were now broken into by settlement

Native American Reservation system

sent to reserves when their land was taken, given rotten food and not a lot of supplies, made them adopt white culture

Fredrick Jackson Turner

Historian during the 1890s who wrote the frontier thesis, which argued that the continuous existence of the American frontier had shaped the character of the nation, and the end of this frontier marked the end the first chapter in American history.

Dawes Severalty Act

The act passed with the intent to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream of American life by dissolving tribes as legal entities and eliminating tribal ownership of land.

Ghost Dance

A ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land, religious movement to push back on the Americans

Massacre at Wounded Knee

(1890) the U.S. Army's killing of approximately 150 Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota; ended U.S-Indian wars on the Plains, trying to end ghost dance

Helen Hunt Jackson

century of dishonor, sympathy towards native americans and highlighted their mistreatment

Grant's Peace Policy

president grant very against corruption but it was all over his term, congress refused to recognize indians as independent nations, appointed quakers to be new indian agents

Mining

more mining because supplies needed for railroads

Texas Cattle

brought from Spain to Texas, brought there so they could graze

Agriculture

farmers rushed to western Kansas, but almost impossible to farm there without irrigation systems, became the dust bowl

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration, basically a hoax because the conditions made it impossible to grow things on the land

Sooners

In 1889, people who illegally claimed land by sneaking past government officials before the land races began, forced eviction

problems of working class

immigration, more technology so less jobs needed, wages lowered, child labor, low safety

Knights of Labor

labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms, included black and women workers but excluded chinese, advocated for end of child labor, ended by haymarket square riot

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent, only simple changes, only white males

National Labor Union

The first large-scale U.S. union; founded to organize skilled and unskilled laborers, farmers, and factory workers, excluded chinese, blacks, and women

International Workers of the World

1905 - Also known as IWW or Wobblies - created in opposition to American Federation of Labor, many founders, socialism and anarchism, mining and lumber industries, wanted to sabotage which led to a lot of arrest, more troublemakers than other unions

Great American Railroad Strike

strike against Baltimore and Ohio railroad company for cutting wages, failure

Haymarket Square Riot

A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred, anarchist threw a bomb into a group of cope, blamed on knights of labor

Homestead Steel Strike

In 1892- one of the most violent strikes in America at the Carnegie Steel Company. 7 people died. 300 Pinkerton detectives were hired and there was a battle where they ultimately surrendered.

management scare tactics

public tradition portrays workers actions as un-American

Union strategies

Strike, Boycott, Picketing (creating a picket line in front of a company), Corporate campaign

Scabs

Strikebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike

McKinely

This man, running on the platform of imperialism, was able to win his second term in the presidential election of 1900 by comfortable margin over Bryan. His running mate was the larger then life Theodore Roosevelt. Sadly, on September 6th, 1901, he was shot by Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo. He would die 8 days later

Theodore Roosevelt

president who led progressive reforms

new industries

due to war profiteering (getting profit from civil war), foreign investors contribute a lot of capital, large influx of immigrants for labor force, innovations in transportation bc natural resources brought straight to factory, innovators encouraged to make new products

carnegie

steel industry, practiced vertical integration, cut out all the lower businesses

rockefeller

Standard Oil, ruthlessly formed monopolies and trusts, First billionaire, in 1900 election tried to get a president elected that would support big business, horizontal integration (controlled all oil)

Morgan

investment banker who dominated wall street, enormous influence due to his large financial holds

Robber barons

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

philanthropy

Charitable donation to public causes, carnegie was one of these but he spent money on building things for society with no direct handouts

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle, those that are rich are rich because they are physically better and more talented

Grant

wins in electoral landslide because he was a veteran, sides with creditors in the crisis of 1873

James Garfield

Elected to the presidency in 1880, Garfield served as president for only a few months before being assassinated by Charles Guiteau, who claimed to have killed him because he was denied a job through patronage when Garfield was elected. The assassination fueled efforts to reform the spoils system, did nothing about the spoils system