AP Psych Unit 3

Obedience

Obedience

When you change your opinions, judgements, or actions because someone in a position of authority told you to.

Milgram's Obedience Shock Study

Study how far people would go in obeying an instruction even if it involved harming people.

Stanford Prison Experiment

If randomly assigned into guards + prisoners, would the role cause people to act consistent with that stereotype.

Asch Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to match the groups standard such as a group or cultural norm

Asch Line Study

Investigate the extent to which pressure from a majority group could conform.

Normative Social Influence

Person's desire to be accepted or "fit in"

Informative Social Inflluence

Person's willingness to accept others opinions as fact, "They must be right."

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

The attempt to reduce the discomfort caused by two contradictory beliefs at the same time.

Reduce Cognitive Dissonance

1. Change attitude

2. Increase support from one side

3. Reduce the importance of one side

Peripheral route to persuasion

Using positive or negative cues (often emotional) to persuade. Ex. Celebrities, songs, slogans, colorful posters, attractive speaker (Form of elaboration likelihood model)

Central route to persuasion

Using facts, logic, good reasoning to persuade (Form of elaboration likelihood model)

Compliance

Change in behavior as a result of a direct request or rule from another individual or institution (even without authority)

Foot-in-the-door phenomonon

Tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply with a larger request. Ex. "Can you come downstairs for a sec?" --- "Yes" "Can you help me carry the groceries in?" --- "Fine"

Door-in-the-face phenomonon

Tendency for people who have first rejected a large request to comply with a smaller request. Ex. "Wash the dishes" --- "No!" "Then at least empty the dishwasher?" --- "Okay"

Attribution Theory

Studies how people judge the causes of others behaviors

Fundamental Attribution Error

Tendency to underestimate the impact of a situation ("external factor") and overestimate the impact of a personality ("internal factor")

Self Serving Bias

Tendency to attribute our success on our efforts ("internal factor") and our failures on external (situational) factors

Just World Hypothesis

Attribution error - Assumption that attributes bad things happen to people that "deserve it" and good things happen to people that "deserve it"

False-Consensus Effect

Attribution error - Assumption that your beliefs are more popular than they are

Halo Effect

Attribution error - Occurs when your impression of someone in one area affects your opinion of other qualities

Social Facilitation

Improved performance on tasks (that you are usually good at) in the presence of others

Social Inhibitation

Weakened task performance due to the presence of others

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that faster arousal and anonymity

Social Loafing

Tendency of an individual in a group to give less effort toward a common goal than if tested individually

Prejudice

Unjustifiable attitude/thoughts towards a group and its members - often results in stereotypes

Explicit Bias

Attitude or belief we know we have towards a person/group

Implicit Bias

Attitude of belief we do not know we have toward a person/group

In-group Bias

Tendency to favor one's own "in-group" and thus favorably

Out-group Bias

Tendency to view others as "out-group" and thus negatively

Out-group Homogeneity Bias

Tendency to view members of out-groups as similar, and in-groups as diverse

Ethnocentrism

Belief that your culture is superior to others

Scapegoat Theory

Tendency to blame someone else for one's own problems

Self-fufilling Prophecy

When expectations/stereotypes about someone or a situation directly or indirectly leads those expectations to happen

Group Polarization

Tendency for a group to shift towards a more extreme position from the prevailing (original) belief after likeminded group discussion or interaction.

Group Think

Occurs when the desire for harmony within a group (ex. failure to encourage different opinions) overrides realistic analysis or alternatives

Social Traps

Situations when seeking immediate individual rewards lead to longterm undesirable group consequences

Prisoner's Dilemma

Famous social trap when rationally pursuing your own self-interests lead to mutually undesirable outcomes

Superordinate Goals

Goal that requires cooperation between two or more people

Mere-Exposure Effect

Repeated exposure to a new stimuli increases attraction

Passionate Love

Intense state of arousal one feels towards another at the start of a relationship

Companionate Love

Later stage of a relationship with deep, affectionate attachment (couple married for 30 years)

Consummate Love

A relationship with all components of love (Passion, Intimacy, Commitment)

Bystander Effect

Tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present due to the "diffusion of responsibility"

Reciprocity Norm

We help those who have helped us

Altruism

An unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Individualist Culture

Needs of oneself are considered more important than group needs

Collectivist Culture

Importance placed on the needs of the group rather than the individual