Electromagnetic waves (paper 2)

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Physics

45 Terms

1
What 2 things do all electromagnetic waves have in common?
  1. They are all transverse waves that transfer energy from a source to an absorber

  1. All EM waves travel at the speed of light through air or a vacuum (space)

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2
What’s the continuous spectrum of EM waves?
Waves have a range of frequencies they are ordered based on their frequency and wavelength
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3
What happens to the frequency as you go up the continuous spectrum and why?
it increases due to having more energy
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4
What happens to the wavelength as you go up the continuous spectrum?
wavelength decreases (gets shorter)
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5
What is the order of the continuous spectrum?
Radio waves

Microwaves

Infrared

Visible light

Ultra violet

X-rays

Gamma rays
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6
what do Radio waves do and how are they made?
  • Transfer energy

  • made by oscillating charges

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7
What happen when charges oscillate?
  • They produce oscillating electric and magnetic fields (electromagnetic waves)

  • frequency of waves will be equal to the frequency of the alternating current

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8
What’s the object where electrons oscillate to create radio waves?
A transmitter
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9
What happens when radio waves reach a receiver?
  • They are absorbed

  • Energy is transferred to the electrons in the material

  • Causes electrons to oscillate

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10
What are radio waves used for?
Mainly communication eg, FM (frequency modulation) radio, Tv, Bluetooth
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11
Why are radio waves used for communication?
  • They have the longest wave length

  • Long wave lengths diffract (bend) around curved surfaces of the Earth, they can diffract over hills, into tunnels

  • Makes it possible for radio waves to be received even if receiver isn’t in a line of sight of the transmitter

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12
Why can radio waves be received over long distances from transmitter?
They are reflected off of the ionosphere
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13
What is the ionosphere?
An electrically charged layer in the Earth’s upper atmosphere
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14
What’s FM transmissions?
  • frequency modulation

  • Have short wavelengths

  • Must be in direct sight of transmitter, signal doesn’t bend or travel through buildings

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15
What are microwaves used for?
  • satellites

  • Microwave ovens

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16
How are microwaves used in satellites?
  • microwaves can pass easily through the Earth’s watery atmosphere

  • Signal from transmitter is transmitted into space

  • Satellite receiver dish picks it up, whilst orbiting thousands of km above Earth, it transmits signal back to Earth in a different direction

  • Received by a satellite dish on the ground, there’s a time delay between transmitter and receiver due to the long distance

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17
How do microwave ovens use microwaves?
  • microwaves are absorbed by water molecules in food

  • water molecules transfer energy to the rest of the molecules in the food by heating, this quickly cooks the food

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18
What is Infrared radiation used for?
  • increase temperature

  • Monitor temperature

  • Eg. infrared camera, electric heaters, foods can be cooked

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19
What gives off infrared radiation?
  • hot objects

  • The hotter the object, the more IR radiation is given out

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20
How are infrared cameras used?
  • used to detect and monitor IR radiation

  • Turns it into an electrical signal, that’s displayed on a screen as a picture, hotter the object, the brighter it appears

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21
Cooking food using IR radiation
absorbing IR causes objects to get hotter
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22
IR radiation in electric heaters
  • contain long piece of wire, heats up as current flows through

  • Wire emits lots of IR radiation (and visible light, glows)

  • Emitted IR radiation is absorbed by objects and air in the room

  • Energy is transferred by IR waves to thermal energy stores of the objects, causing temperature to increase

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23
What is visible light?
  • Light we can see

  • It’s made up of a range of colours

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24
What’s visible light used for?
  • photography

  • Illumination

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25
What’s the visible light spectrum?
  • A range of wavelengths that we perceive as different colours

  • Each colour has its own narrow range of wavelengths and frequencies

  • Colours can mix together to make other colours (can’t mix primary colours)

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26
Order of the visible light spectrum
RED

ORANGE

YELLOW

\
GREEN

\
BLUE

INDIGO

VIOLET
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27
What do colours of objects depend on?
Which ever wavelength of light are most strongly reflected
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28
What’s fluorescence?
  • a property of certain chemicals

  • UV radiation is absorbed, visible light is emitted (giving you brightness)

  • Can be used to identify forged bank notes

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29
What can UV radiation be used for?
  • security pens

  • Suntans

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30
How do security pens work?
  • under UV light the ink will glow (fluorescent)

  • Invisible without UV light

  • Can help police identify property if stolen

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31
What’s UV light produced by?
The sun
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32
How is UV light dangerous?
  • tanning salons use UV lamps to give artificial suntan

  • They have hazardous properties (used to kill bacteria)

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33
What are x-rays and gamma rays used for?
Medicine
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34
How can x-rays be used
  • too look/identify broken bones

  • Tests for cancer (along with hammer rays)

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35
Why are x-rays used to look/identify broken bones?
  • they can easily pass through flesh

  • Can’t pass through denser material (bones, or metal)

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36
What gives you a x-ray?
The amount of radiation absorbed
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37
how are gamma and x-rays used to kill cancer cells?
High doses kill all living cells, they are directed towards cancer cells, to avoid killing too many healthy cells
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38
what are the jobs of radiographers
to use x-rays and gamma rays that treat people with cancer
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39
What are radiographers?
people who work with x-rays and radiotherapy
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40
What do radiographers use to protect them against rays?
  • wear lead aprons

  • Stand behind a lead screen

  • Leave the room

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41
How can EM radiation be harmful to people?
High frequency waves (UV, X-ray, gamma) transfer lots of energy, causing damage to tissues
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42
How is UV radiation dangerous?
  • can damage surface cells (sunburn)

  • Cause skin to age prematurely

  • Blindness or increase risk of skin cancer

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43
How are x-rays and gamma rays dangerous?
  • they are types of ionising radiation

  • Can cause gene mutation (cancer)

  • Can lead to secondary cancer

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44
How much likely are you to suffer damage to skin cells if you were to have a CT scan?
4 times more likely
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45
Why are infrared cameras able to show parts of the hand at different temperatures?
Different temperatures emit different intensities of infrared, which are represented as different shades/colours on the camera
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