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define osteoid
bone forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix made up od collagen and calcium binding proteins
osteocytes
mature maintaining cells
osteoblasts
building cells
osteoclasts
destroy bone for remodeling
osteoprogenitor cells
stem cells that turn into osteoblasts and bone forming cells
what are the parts of compact bone
dense outer layer that appears smooth and solid, periosteum that covers the outside of compact bone and endosteum that covers inside portion of compact bone
appositional growth
cartilage forming cells in perichondrium that secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage
interstitial growth
chondrocytes within the lacunae divide and secrete new matrix, which expands the cartilage within
how does interstitial growth affect the bone growth
since it takes place in the epiphyseal line, the bone increases in length
what role does epiphyseal cartilage play in bone growth
longitudinal growth of long bones
which hormones control the growth of bones
osteocalcin
which hormones control calcium homeostasis
parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D
which hormone increases blood calcium levels
parathyroid hormone
which organs produce hormones that control blood calcium levels
parathyroid gland in the thyroid
whats the first step in the process of intramembranous ossification
ossification centers are formed when mesenchymal cells cluster and become osteoblasts
whats the second step in the process of intramembranous ossification
osteoid is secreted then calcified
what is the third step in the process of intramembranous ossification
woven bone is formed when osteoid is laid down around blood vessels
what is the fourth step in the process of intramembranous ossification
lamellar bone replaces woven bone and red marrow appears
which bones form from endochondral ossification
all bones inferior to base of skull except clavicle
what is the relationship between bone and cartilage
cartilage is at the end of bones to reduce friction and prevent them from rubbing together when u use your joints
chemical components of bone
bone is made up of organic and inorganic compounds
½ as strong as steel when in resisting compression and soft organic allows for bones to resist tension
hydroxyapetite
mineral salt, makes up 65 percent of bone mass, in and around collagen fibers, calcium phosphate crystals, respnsibile for hardness
which nutirents are needed for bone
calcium, proteins, magnesium, vitamin d, potassium, phosphorus, and flouride
describe osteon
haversian system, structural unit of comapct bone. elongated ccylinder that run parallel to long axis of bone
what is the function of an osteon
acts as tiny weight bearing pillars
what is the 5 step in endochondral ossification
epiphyses ossify
what is the dfirst step of endochondrral
bony collar forms around diaphysis of cartilage model
what is the second step of endochondral
central cartilage in daiphysis calcifies then develops cavities
what is the 3rd step in endochondral
periosteal bud invades cavities leading to formation of spongy bone
wjat is the 4th step in endochondral
diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms
wolffs law
states that bones grow or remodel i response to the demands placed on them
hematopoiesis
formation of blood cellular compnents
joint
sites where 2 bones meet
fibrous joint
no joint cavity, synarthrotic, bones joined by dense fibrous CT
cartilaginous joint
bnes united by cartilage, amphiarthrotic, and no joint cavity
synovial joint
has a joint cavity, fluid filled, diarthrotic and in limb joints
what joint keeps gums in place
gomphosees
what are the types of fibrous joints
suturs, gomphoses, and syndesmoses
diarthrotic
movable
synarthrotic
immovable
amphiarthrotic
slightly movable
medial
roating towards midline
lateral
rotating away from meddial plane
flexion
decreasing angle between 2 bones usually in sagittal planes
extension
increasing angle between 2 bones
gliding
sliding the flat surface of 2 obnes across each other
circumduction
moving limb or finger so that it describes a cone space
which motion decreases
flexion
which motion increases
extension
jaw joints
hinge and gliding
feet joint
dorsiflexion, snd flexion
thumbs
oppostion
plsntsr flexion
toe pointing
dorsigflexion
moving foot upwsrds toward shin
luxation
full dislocation
subluxation
partial dislocation
whic motion damages knee ligaments
horizontal and lateral blows
which structure provides greatest stability of a joint
ligaments
why are hip joints more stable than shoulder joints
shoulder joints arent true ball and socket joints, the ball is bigger than the shallow socket
spien joint
facet joints h
head joints
tmj
which jounts ahve a gliding motion
intertarsals and intercarpals
nonaxial
gliding
unixaila
elbow, knee, ankle
biaxial
knuckle joint
multiaxial
shoulder and hip
parts of synovial joint
articular cartilage, synovil gluid, joint cavity, articular capsule, and nerves/blood vessels