Neurology for SLP

Who discovered that the brain was Asymmetrical and when?

French Physician Pierre Paul Broca in 1861

Who identified the auditory speech center in the temporal lobe and when?

Carl Wernicke in 1874

What did Broca’s Aphasia used to be called?

Motor Aphasia

What did Wernickes Aphasia used to be called?

Sensory Aphasia

What are Agnosias?

Disorders if cortical sensory recognition

What is William Ogle demonstrate in 1867?

A cerebral writing center was independent of Broca’s center for oral language

What are apraxias?

Disorders of executing motor acts resulting from brain lesions

What connects areas, or centers, of the brain?

Association Fiber Tracts

What hypothesis for stuttering has been disproven, but still resurfaces for various disorders? Describe it.

Stuttering was a result of brain dysfunction; specifically an imbalance/competition between the hemispheres

When were SLPs first used in treatment programs for Traumatic Aphasia?

WW 2

What is Noam Chomsky’s Theory?

Emphasizes universal features and innate mechanisms in language

What law was passed in 1990?

Americans with Disabilities Act

What changed for SLPs in 2004?

New ASHA clinical and academic standards

When was the IDEA reauthorized?

2008

Who is Greschwind?

First neurologist to outline literature focusing on language disorders and related deficits

Who is Lenneberg

Author of The Biological Foundations of Language

Who is Broca?

The first to localize human language to the left hemisphere; states behavioral functions are attributed to specific parts of the brain

Who is Ogle?

Identified a writing center in the brain independent of Broca’s area

Who is Wernicke?

Identified an auditory center for speech associated with comprehension,

Temporal Lobe

Identified with language and speech comprehension

Frontal Lobe

Identified with language and speech expression

Whois Freud (in relation to SLP)?

First to identify cortical sensory areas (agnosias)

Who is Lippmann?

First to identify the apraxia’s of motor execution

Who is Travis?

First to die fly stutter in to be the result of brain dysfunction/imbalance between the hemispheres (since disproved pg. 3)

Wepman’s Recovery from Aphasia

First textbook of language disorders in the field of SLP

Who is Penfield?

First to use cortical mapping for identifying areas of language and speech functions within the brain

Neuron

Basic building block of the nervous system

Neuro-glial cells

Maintain homeostasis, clean waste, form myelin, and influence neurosystem Developement.

Four major classes of molecules in nerve cells

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid

Four chemical bases of DNA code storage

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine

What chemical base attaches to a complex molecule?

A Nucleotide

What is a nucleotide?

Combination of 2 sugar molecules and a phosphate molecule

What are the “worker bees” of a cell?

Proteins

Nucleolus

Where RNA is synthesized

What is structurally different about RNA compared to DNA?

It is a single strand and has Uracil instead of Thymine

What are the different types of RNA?

Messenger, ribosomal, and transfer

rRNA

Most abundant, works with proteins to create ribosomes

mRNA

Moves to the cytoplasm where proteins are synthesized, carries the base sequence of code

Ribosomes

Read and translate mRNA

Peptides

Chemical linking of amino acids

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, main energy source of the cell

Myelinated

Covered by a white, glistening lipoprotein sheath (the myelin sheath)

Myelin

Insulates the axon and allows more rapid propagation of the impulse along the axon

Bouton

Axon terminal

Synaptic junction

Where the axon terminal establishes contact with another neuron

Tropic

Nutritional

What moves along the axon in the protoplasm (axoplasm)?

Neural impulses, proteins, other organelles

Antegrade movement

From the cell body (distally)

Retrograde movement

Toward the cell body from the axon terminal

Four types of neuroglial cells

Astrocytes, microglia, ependyma, oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells

oligodendrocytes

Glia that form the myelin around axons in the CNS

Schwann cells

Glia that form the myelin around axons in the PNS

Where do brain tumors often form?

Neuroglial cells (eg. astrocytoma)

Mitochondrial disease

Affects children

Astrocytes

Provide structural matrix surrounding neuron cell bodies in the CNS

Cause capillary walls to form tight endothelial junctions

Help maintain environment for neural function

Allows neural plasticity

Blood-Brain Barrier

the walls of the capillaries, tight endothelial junctions; caused by Astrocytes

Microglia

Perform “scavenger” functions

Mediates immune response

Ependymal Cells

Lines the ventricles in the brain and spinal cord

Specialized types from the choroid Plexus

Choroid Plexus

Manufactures CSF

Satellite Cells

Found in CNS and PNS

Surrounds Neuron Bodies

Function is unknown

Pyramidal Tract

Large motor pathway responsible fir voluntary control if skeletal muscles contralaterally

Hommunculus

Map of motor control on the cerebral cortex, shows patterns of cortical innovation

Represented in an almost upside-down fashion

Perisylvian Zone

A lesion including Broca’s area and the surrounding cortical tissue

Brodmanns Area 8

Frontal eye fields, rapid eye movement and directing attention

Brodmann 4

Primary motor cortex/motor strip

Brodmann’s 44 and 45

Broca’s Area

Brodmann areas 9-11. 46, and 47

Association cortex/prefrontal cortex

Vital for to successful executive functioning

Brodmann areas 1-3

Primary sensory cortex/somatosensory cortex/post central gurus

Processes bodily sensations

Brodmann Area 40

Supramarginal gurus

Phonological processing

Brodmann area 39

Angular gyrus

Semantic processing of orally presented language

Damage to the angular gyrus may cause…

Anomia, alexia with agraphia, left-right disorientation, finger agnosia, and acalculia

Anemia

Word finding problems

Alexia with agraphia

Reading and writing deficits

Finger agnostia

Inability to identify fingers

Acalculia

Difficulty with arithmatic

Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42

Transverse temporal gyri

Brodmann area 41

Herschel Gyrus

Primary auditory cortex

Brodmann area 42

Auditory association area adjacent to Heschl gyrus participates in the processing of harmonic and rhythmic patterns

Unilateral damage to areas 41 and/or 42 causes…

Difficulty interpreting or locating a sound

Bilateral lesions in areas 41 and/or 42 cause….

Cortical deafness

Area 22

Wernicke’s Area, important to development and use of language

Insula/island of Reil

Considered its own lobe, where all of the other lobes come together

Thought to receive input regarding pain and viscerosensory input

Damage to the insula may contribute to…

Difficulty producing well articulated, fluent speech

Area 17

Primary visual area

Primary cortical areas. (Pg. 20)