Unit 2 - Population and Migration

Population Distribution

where people live in a geographic area; pattern of human settlement

Population Density

Measure of how crowded a place is

Midlatitudes

The regions between 30 and 60 degrees north and south of the equator

Social Stratification

the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and/or ethnicity

Arithmetic Population Density / Crude Density

the total number of people per unit area of land; also called crude density

Physiological Population Density

the total number of people per unit of arable land

Arable (land)

land that can be used to grow crops

Agricultural Population Density

The total number of farmers per unit of arable land

Redistricting

the re-drawing of internal territorial and political boundaries

Infrastructure

the many structures and facilities that a country needs in order to function properly

Overpopulation

A term used to describe the condition in which population growth outstrips the resources needed to support life

Carrying capacity

the maximum population size an environment can contain

Population pyramid

A graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population

Birth Deficit

The slowdown of births

Baby Boom

A spike in birth rates, usually after hostility ends and peace resumes

Baby Bust

Birth rates are lower for a number of years, after a baby boom ends (until boomers reach a childbearing age)

Demographic Balancing Equation

Future Population = current population + (# of births - # of deaths) + (# immigrants - # of emigrants)

Immigrants

People that perform movement to a location

Emigrants

People that perform movement from a location

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

the number of births in a given year per 1,000 in a population

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

the total number of children one woman in a given country or region will have during her childbearing years (15-49)

Life Expectancy

the number of years a person is expected to live

Infant Mortality Rate

the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births

Crude Death Rates (CDR)

the number of deaths in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The rate at which a population grows as a result of the difference between crude birth rates and crude death rates

Population Doubling Time

the time it takes to double in size for a quantity

Neo-Malthusians

People today that still accept Malthus's fundamental principles. They believe population growth is a threat to the future.

Antinatalist Policies

Describing attitudes or policies that discourage childbearing as a means of limiting population growth

Pronatalist Policies

describing attitudes or policies that encourage childbearing as a means of spurring population growth

Dependency Ratio

The number of people in a dependant age group (under age 15 or over age 65) divided by the number of people in the working age group, multiplied by 100

Dependant Population

Older/younger population that depends on the working age population to get what they need

Voluntary Migration

the type of migration in which people make the choice to move to a new place

Push Factor

a negative cause that compels someone to leave a location

Pull Factor

a positive cause that attracts someone to a new location

Intervening Obstacles

An occurrence that holds migrants back

Intervening Opportunities

An occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journeys by choice

Step Migration

series of smaller moves to get to the ultimate location

Gravity Model of Migration

The size and distance between two countries or cities will influence the amount of interactions that include migration, travel, and economic activity…. (Larger the population, the more it will have to migrants, however, if the distance is too great, then the person will choose another place to migrate)

Rural - to - urban migration

permanent or semi-permanent migration of people from rural locations to urban locations (includes migrations within + between countries)

Counter Migration

Each migration flow is causing movement in the opposite direction

Return Migration

Immigrants moving back to their former home

Forced Migration

type of migration in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPS)

a person who has been forced to flee his or her home, but remains within the country's borders

Refugees

A person who is forced to leave his/her home for fear of persecution or death

Asylum

the right to protection in a country

Internal Migration

movement within a country's borders

Transnational Migration

international migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their country

Chain Migration

The type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have recently migrated there

Guest Workers

A migrant who travels to a new country for temporary labor

Transhumance

The movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter months

Homestead Act

A program in which the U.S. government gave land to settlers willing to stay in it and farm it for 5 years. Most people who benefitted were white settlers.

Family Reunification Policies

Policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members to migrate to the country, (OR allow refugees to migrate quickly in emergencies and allow foreign college students an easy pathway to becoming permanent residents after they graduate)

Xenophobia

strong dislike of people from another country

Remittances

Money earned by an immigrant abroad and sent back home to his/her country

Brain Drain

the loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another, often richer, country

Ethnic Enclaves

neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic groups

Demographic Transition Model

Shows five typical stages of population change that countries experience for an indeterminate length as they modernize

Epidemiological Transition Model

Identifies predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop; extension of the DTM and explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies