Review of Plant and Animal Evolution

These flashcards cover essential topics from plant and animal evolution, focusing on characteristics, adaptations, and significant features of various groups.

What are the four characteristics shared by charophytes and plants?

1) Multicellular, 2) Eukaryotic, 3) Cell wall composed of cellulose, 4) Ability to produce chlorophyll.

What are key derived characters of plants?

1) Apical meristems, 2) Walled spores produced in sporangia, 3) Multicellular gametangia, 4) Alteration of generations.

What are key characteristics of bryophytes?

Lack of vascular tissues, dependency on water, flagellated sperm, lack of roots, gametophyte dominance, homospory.

What are the major reproductive structures of bryophytes?

Male reproductive structures are antheridia; female reproductive structures are archegonia.

What ecological significance do mosses have?

Mosses contribute to soil formation, water retention, and serve as habitat for microfauna.

What are two key adaptations for seed plants?

Seeds for protection and nourishment; pollen grains for fertilization without water.

What are the four derived characters of seed plants?

1) Reduced gametophytes, 2) Heterospory, 3) Ovules, 4) Seeds.

What are the functions of flowers in angiosperms?

Flowers facilitate reproduction through pollination and provide structure for seed development.

How do monocots and eudicots differ?

Monocots have one cotyledon while eudicots have two; they also differ in leaf venation patterns and root systems.

What are key characteristics shared by all animals?

Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic, embryonic development, absence of cell wall, presence of tissues.

What is the significance of Hox genes in animals?

Hox genes regulate the body plan and development through establishing the anterior-posterior axis.

Describe the difference between diploblastic and triploblastic organisms.

Diploblastic organisms have two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm), while triploblastic have three (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm).

What are the two types of early development in animals?

Protostome development and deuterostome development.

Define invertebrate.

An invertebrate is an animal that lacks a backbone.

Name the major characteristics of Porifera.

Lack true tissues, hermaphroditic, asymmetrical, filter feeders, and form colonies.

What is a key characteristic of Cnidarians?

They possess true tissues and can exist as polyps and/or medusas.

What is a distinctive feature of Platyhelminthes (flatworms)?

Flatworms have an amazing regenerative capacity.

What distinguishes arthropods in terms of body plan?

Their segmented body plan allows for specialization and adaptability.

What are key characteristics of Echinoderms?

Echinoderms have an endoskeleton, exhibit radial symmetry as adults, and have a water vascular system.