IB History - Civil Rights Movements Review

Reconstruction

the reorganization and rebuilding of the former Confederate states after the Civil War

13th Amendment

abolished slavery (but not segregation or indentured servitude)

15th Amendment

prohibited the government from denying someone the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude (actually worked to end segregation)

Ku Klux Klan

gained footing during Reconstruction; made up of working class whites who didn't want former slaves in their communities

Jim Crow laws

___ were the late 19th century laws designed to enforce segregation.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; founded by DuBois to support legal challenges of African Americans in court

Great Migration

The large-scale movement of African Americans from the South into Northern Cities was known as the _____.

Plessy v. Ferguson - (1896)

Supreme Court accepted "separate but equal"; legalized segregation

Brown v. Board I

Plessy was overturned; US schools told to desegregate (little action)

Brown v. Board II

US schools ORDERED to desegregate with all deliberate speed (confusing message)

Rosa Parks

sparked Montgomery Bus Boycott after served misjustice on public transportation

Montgomery Bus Boycott

sparked by the Rosa parks incident; wanted to integrate public transportation (proved African Americans could organize/sustain large-scale movements)

Martin Luther King, Jr

led non-violent protests against segregation; liked by white community because he wanted gradual change without violence, unlike other leaders who demanded it now

SCLC

the Southern Christian Leadership Conference; Southern Civil rights group co-founded by MLK. Stressed non-violence.

SNCC

Student Nonviolent Committee; composed of younger African American students who wanted equal rights (used sit-ins and direct protest as a way to achieve their goals); founded by Stockely Carmichael

Lunch Counter Sit-ins

protests led by the SNCC to advocate for change and equal rights for African American customers

Freedom Riders

primary participants were from the SNCC and the Congress of Racial Equality; wanted to test Supreme Court decision integrating interstate busing system; resulted in extreme backlash and violence (violence forced JFK to act)

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress; Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream" speech; 250,000 people attended the rally

16th Street Baptist Church Bombing

Church that was bombed by the KKK two weeks after the march on Washington, killing 4 teenage girls

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Freedom Summer

1964 effort to register African American voters in the South (specifically Mississippi); college students from the North traveled to the South to participate in the movement

Goodman, Chaney, Schwerner

Three young activists (two white students from the North and one local black youth) who were murdered for participating in Freedom Summer; kidnapped by a group headed by a deputy sheriff and murdered near Philadelphia, Mississippi; the deaths of the two white students focused unprecedented attention on Mississippi

Selma Campaign

an organized voter registration drive that led to brutal/violent attacks; MLK announced a 50 mile march to Montgomery, Alabama in response

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage; allowed Federal officials to supervise US elections.

Malcolm X

black Civil Rights leader who promoted separatism in the early 1960s

Nation of Islam

A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans; Malcolm X was a member until being kicked out later

Black Power

slogan used to reflect independence/racial consciousness used by Malcolm X; meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community

Black Panthers

advocated armed self defense and revolutionary socialism; marked shift in policy of the black movement

COINTELPRO

FBI program that sought to expose, disrupt, and discredit groups considered to be radical political organizations; targeted antiwar groups during the Vietnam War

Stokely Carmichael

broke with MLK's philosophy, and began to speak about black power after leading SNCC; started "Black Power" movement

Freedom Rides

led by James Farmer & CORE, this event attempted to force JFK to enforce bans on segregated bus facilities

Little Rock Nine

1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

Lowndes County Freedom Organization

1965. under the direction of SNCC activist Stokely Carmichael. In 1965, Lowndes County in Alabama was 80% black but not a single black citizen was registered to vote. Carmichael arrived in the county to organize a voter registration project and from this came the LCFO. Party members adopted the black panther as their symbol for their independent political organization.

Ten Point Program

A document written by the black panther party that listed 10 demands from the government to gain equality for their people

The Hate that Hate Produced

A television documentary about black nationalism in america, focusing on the Nation of Islam