BIOL-2302-M01-SP-2025-Final Practice Review

During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion…

CNS sensory or cognitive activation increases neural stimulation of the stomach.

You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a very severe autoimmune disorder with a wide variety of associated organ-related problems. Your doctor is particularly worried about how this will affect your kidney function. He says that you are susceptible to ________ because of the lupus.

glomerulonephritis

The organ inferior to the urinary bladder and contains the urethra in the middle is the ________ gland.

prostate

________ is the medical specialty that focuses on postnatal development from infancy to adolescence.

Pediatrics

The developmental period heralded by the onset of puberty is known as

adolescence

If an individual carries two different alleles for the same trait, the individual is ________ for the trait.

heterozygous

Figure 29-2 Fetus at 10 Weeks

Use Figure 29-2 to answer the following questions:


Identify the structure labeled "4."

Placenta

Polyspermy results in

a nonfunctional zygote.

The almost identical cells produced by cleavage divisions are called

blastomeres.

Which of the following is not part of oocyte activation?

Softening of the zona pellucida

Which embryonic germ layer forms connective tissues such as bone and cartilage?

Mesoderm

In simple autosomal inheritance, phenotypic characters are determined, or controlled, by

a single pair of alleles.

The hormone that increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis during pregnancy is

relaxin.

Where in the embryo does mesoderm first appear?

between the cell layers of the inner cell mass

The gradual modification of anatomical structures and physiologic characteristics from fertilization to maturity is termed

development.

Which of the following does not occur during pregnancy?

A woman's bladder capacity increase

The uterine epithelium is broken down by the enzyme,

hyaluronidase.

Figure 29-1 Early Human Development

Use Figure 29-1 to answer the following questions:


What is the developmental fate of "9"?

Forms the embryo

In ________, a sample of amniotic fluid is removed and the fetal cells it contains are analyzed.

amniocentesis

The goal of labor is childbirth, also termed

parturition.

Immediately after birth, a newborn's health is assessed by an Apgar score. Which of the following is not part of the Apgar assessment?

Hearing

If a color-blind (X-linked recessive trait) man marries a woman who is heterozygous for the trait, what proportion of their male offspring can be expected to be color blind?

1/2

A ________ allele is expressed only when homozygous

recessive

The cell that directly results from the fusion of a secondary oocyte and a single sperm is called a(n)

zygote

The ________ is formed by the allantois, blood vessels, and yolk sac.

umbilical cord

An individual's karyotype shows trisomy 21. This is an example of a

chromosomal abnormality.

If a sperm carrying the "Y" chromosome fertilizes the ovum, the resulting offspring will be

male.

The human gestation period consists of

three trimesters of 3 months each.

The gene for normal skin pigment (A) can also code for the recessive trait of albinism (a). An albino man and a homozygous normal pigmented woman marry and have four children. What is the phenotype of the children?

100% normal skin pigment

The inner cellular layer of trophoblast that remains intact inside the blastocyst is termed the

cytotrophoblast.

Which of the following is not one of the extraembryonic membranes?

Umbilical cord

The part of the endometrium that covers the implanted embryo and lacks chorionic villi is the

capsular decidua

During the second trimester, the mesoderm on the outer surface of the amnion contacts the mesoderm on the inner surface of the chorion and fuse to form the ________ membrane.

amniochorionic

Which of the following is not true of meiosis I?

4 haploid gametes are formed

The external marking of the boundary between the two testes is the

raphe.

The granulosa cells of developing follicles secrete

estrogens.

A man can get testosterone injections to increase sexual drive, muscle mass, and overall mood. These symptoms can occur as a result of

male climateric.

The organ that surrounds the urethra and produces an alkaline secretion is the

prostate gland.

The leading cause of death in women between the ages of 35-45 is

breast cancer.

At the end of meiosis II, one spermatogonium has formed

4 spermatids

Which of the following statements is false regarding the female reproductive tract?

The uterus contains large amounts of fructose nutrients.

A normal sperm count ranges from approximately ________ sperm per milliliter.

20-100 million

Each lobule contains approximately ________ seminiferous tubules.

800

The subsidence of an erection after ejaculation is known as

detumescence.

Frank is experiencing difficulty urinating, painful urination, low back pain and a slight fever. The doctor prescribes antibiotics and Frank recovers. It is likely that Frank suffered from

prostatitis.

Sperm are functionally matured within the

epididymis

The fold of peritoneum that extends out from the ovary to the wall of the pelvis is called the

suspensory ligament.

Inward projections of the tunica albuginea, known as septa testis, divide the testis into

lobules.

The process of spermiogenesis produces

sperm.

The Pap smear looks for abnormal cytology of the

cervix.

The primary follicle develops from the

primordial follicle.

The surgical removal of the foreskin is called

circumcision.

The most important androgen is

testosterone.

Which of the following are not important enzymes found in seminal fluid?

hydrolases, remove water and concentrate semen

A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for

follicle maturation.

The broad ligament attaches to all of the following organs except the

urinary bladder.

Which of the following statements regarding erection is false?

It is commonly the result of plaque in the blood vessels of the penis.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term uterine tube?

has ciliated epithelium

Sperm develop from stem cells called

spermatogonia.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term endometrium?

consists of a functional zone and a basilar zone of epithelium

Figure 28-2 The Female Reproductive System

Use Figure 28-2 to answer the following questions:

Identify the structure labeled "6."

clitoris

Where in the male reproductive system would you expect to find the most mature sperm?

near the tail of the epididymis

The portion of the uterine tube that ends in fingerlike fimbriae is the

infundibulum.

The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus are the

bulbo-urethral glands.

Arrange the four structures listed below into the order in which sperm pass from the testis to the external urethral orifice.
1. ductus deferens
2. urethra
3. ejaculatory duct
4. epididymis

4, 1, 3, 2

The secretory phase of the uterine cycle occurs during the ________ phase of the ovarian cycle.

luteal

Menstruation is the process of sloughing off the old functional layer of the

endometrium.

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the

glomerular filtration rate.

Each of the following organ systems excretes wastes to some degree except the ________ system.

endocrine

Prolonged aldosterone stimulation of the distal convoluted tubule may result in

hypokalemia.

The region of the nephron containing intercalated cells primarily associated with pH balance is the

collecting duct.

Which of the following is a not a true statement regarding the countercurrent multiplication system?

Osmotic concentration in the nephron loop decreases as fluid flows toward the bottom of the loop.

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

renal corpuscle.

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular capillary pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the blood colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net filtration pressure in this case?

24 mm Hg

All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are

located partly within the pelvic cavity.

What is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance travels during filtration?
1. filtration slit (slit pore)
2. capsular space
3. basement membrane
4. fenestrated endothelium

4, 3, 1, 2

An important structure for blood pressure regulation is the

juxtaglomerular complex.

Reabsorbed water and solutes enter into the

peritubular fluid.

In the process of ________, two substances are moved across a cell membrane in the same direction without directly using cellular energy. One of the substances can be moved against a concentration gradient by this process.

cotransport

The urinary function of elimination occurs through the

urethra.

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.

Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

proximal convoluted tubule.

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following except

increase the glomerular filtration rate

The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the

trigone.

You complain to the doctor about constant pain and discomfort in the low back area. What test might logically be recommended?

a pyelogram

The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx.

papillary duct

Glomerular blood flow is unique because it flow

from arteriole to capillary bed to arteriole.

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

The renal sinus is

an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.

The majority of renal innervation is by the

sympathetic nervous system.

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.

180

The ________ test is often used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate.

creatinine clearance

Renal columns are

bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.

________ is an inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules.

Polycystic kidney disease

Antidiuretic hormone

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water

The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves all of the following except

obligatory water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.

The urinary system does all of the following except

excreting excess albumin molecules.

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to

absence of ADH.

Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of

cotransport.