Respiratory disorder

Dyspnea

Dyspnea

Difficulty or laboured breathing

Orthopnea

Difficulty breathing when lying flat

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Sudden onset of difficulty breathing at night

Hypercapnia

Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the blood

Hypercarbia

Another term for elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood

Hypoxemia

Low oxygen levels in the blood

V/Q ratio

Ventilation/perfusion ratio, a measure of gas exchange efficiency in the lungs

Tetralogy of Fallot

A congenital heart defect characterised by four abnormalities in the heart's structure

Flail chest

A condition where segments of the rib cage are detached from the rest of the chest wall

Pneumothorax

Presence of air in the pleural space, causing lung collapse

Tension pneumothorax

A type of pneumothorax where air enters the pleural space but cannot escape, leading to increasing pressure on the lungs and heart

Pleural effusion

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

Empyema

Pus in the pleural cavity, often due to infection

Atelectasis

Collapse or closure of a part of the lung.

Bronchiectasis

Abnormal dilation of the bronchi.

Pulmonary embolism

Blockage of the pulmonary artery or its branches by a clot.

Pulmonary hypertension

Elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries.

Cor pulmonale

Right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease.

Pulmonary edema

Accumulation of fluid in the lungs.

Obstructive lung diseases

Diseases characterized by airflow obstruction, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make breathing difficult.

Bronchial asthma

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction.

Chronic bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time.

Blebs

Small collections of air within the layers of lung tissue.

Bullae

Larger air-filled spaces within the lung tissue.