ch 17 pediatric ear and eye

What are common diagnostic tests for eye or ear issues?

Fever, culture of eye or ear, nasal congestion, tympanic fluid culture, tympanometry.

What are some signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis?

Redness, edema, tearing, discharge, eye pain, itching (especially in allergic conjunctivitis).

What types of infectious diseases can affect the eye?

Conjunctivitis, periorbital cellulitis, nasolacrimal duct obstruction, eyelid lesions.

What are the signs of visual impairment in infants?

Does not 'fix and follow', does not make eye contact, unaffected by bright light, does not imitate facial expressions.

What are some risk factors for developing visual impairment?

Prematurity, developmental delay, genetic syndrome, family history of eye disease, previous serious eye injury, diabetes, HIV, chronic corticosteroid use.

What are the types of refractive errors?

Myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, amblyopia.

What is conductive hearing loss?

It results when the transmission of sound through the middle ear is disrupted, as in the case of otitis media with effusion (OME).

What causes sensorineural hearing loss?

Damage to the hair cells in the cochlea or along the auditory pathway.

What is mixed hearing loss?

Occurs when the cause may be attributed to both conductive and sensorineural problems.

What are the signs of visual impairment in toddlers and older children?

Rubs, shuts, and covers eyes; squints and blinks frequently; holds objects close; bumps into objects; displays head tilt or forward thrust.

What are the common symptoms of otitis media?

Ear pain, fever, irritability, and sometimes fluid drainage from the ear.

What is the importance of early assessment for hearing impairment?

Identification within the first 6-12 months is essential for effective intervention.

What are the treatment options for otitis media?

Antibiotics or placement of tubes may be considered.

What are some complications associated with untreated visual impairment?

Developmental delays, learning difficulties, and social challenges.

What is tympanometry used to assess?

It assesses the function of the middle ear and the mobility of the eardrum.

What behavioral changes might indicate an eye or ear issue?

Eye rubbing, ear pulling, headache, lethargy.

What is the significance of a dull, vacant stare in any age group?

It may indicate visual impairment.

What is the role of culture in diagnosing eye or ear infections?

Cultures help identify the specific pathogens causing the infection.

What is nasolacrimal duct obstruction?

A blockage in the tear duct that can lead to excessive tearing and possible infection.

What are eyelid lesions?

Abnormal growths or changes on the eyelid that may require further evaluation.

What is the common visual condition of newborns?

Farsightedness (hyperopia)

At what age does binocular vision typically develop in infants?

By 4-6 months

What anatomical feature of children's Eustachian tubes increases their risk for otitis media?

Eustachian tubes are shorter, wider, and more horizontal.

What is a significant risk factor for eye disorders in children?

Prematurity (retinopathy)

What test is used to assess visual acuity in school-age children?

Snellen chart

What is a common sign of conjunctivitis?

Redness and discharge

What treatment is recommended for bacterial conjunctivitis?

Antibiotic drops

What is strabismus?

Eye misalignment that can lead to amblyopia.

What is the treatment for amblyopia?

Patch the dominant eye early.

What is the key sign of otitis media?

Bulging tympanic membrane

What is the treatment for recurrent otitis media?

Myringotomy tubes may be used.

What is the nursing intervention for administering ear drops to a child under 3?

Pull the pinna down and back.

What psychosocial impacts can sensory impairments have on children?

Delayed speech, learning difficulties, social isolation, low self-esteem.

What is a critical nursing intervention for children with sensory impairments?

Promote inclusion and encourage support groups.

What is the significance of the red reflex test in newborns?

An abnormal red reflex may indicate cataracts or tumors.

What should be monitored in premature infants regarding eye health?

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)

What is a common treatment for otitis externa?

Topical antibiotic drops

What is the nursing teaching regarding bottle feeding to prevent ear infections?

Avoid bottle feeding while the child is supine.

What is the role of early hearing screening in children?

It is critical for speech development.

What are the signs of hearing loss in children?

Conductive (middle ear problem) and sensorineural (nerve damage).

What is the nursing intervention for children with strabismus?

Educate on patch compliance and monitor visual changes.

What should be included in a family teaching plan for children with sensory impairments?

Proper medication administration, when to seek care, and importance of follow-up.