Bio Midterm

There are some questions from the practice test here.

When does DNA replication take place?

Interphase

How many daughter cells are formed by Mitosis?

2 daughter cells

How many chromosomes are in each daughter cell compared to the parent cell? 

Same amount of chromosomes are found in each daughter and parent cell. 

Interphase?

the cell grows, DNA  replication

Prophase?

DNA condenses, nuclear membrane dissolves

Metaphase?

chromosome line up along the central of the cell

Anaphase

one set of  chromosomes moves across to each end of the cell

Telophase?

two cells form cytokinesis

Genetically, are the daughter cells identical?

yes, there identical

What types of cells are formed from the Meiosis process?

Haploid cells/gametes (sperm and  

egg) 

How many daughter cells are formed in Meiosis?

4 cells

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What is Crossing Over?

Pairs of chromosomes exchange genetic info during the  Interphase before Meiosis.

What are Multicellular organisms?

an organism composed of many cells.

Where are the sex  

cells produced?

 Male – testes

Female – ovary 

What is a sex cell 

called?

Male - sperm, 

Female - egg

Goal of Mitosis

Help body cells grow. Help replace old cells.

Goal of Meiosis

Makes sex cells (sperm and  eggs) to increase variation in  human reproduction.

Function of the new daughter cells in Mitosis?

All body cells, except sex  cells 

Growth and repair

Function of the new daughter cells in Meiosis?

Sexual cells for sexual  

reproduction

Number of cell divisions at the  end of each cycle in Mitosis?

1

Number of cell divisions at the  end of each cycle in Meiosis?

2

Number of daughter cells  produced from parent cell in Mitosis?

2 daughter cells

Number of daughter cells  produced from parent cell in Meiosis?

4 daughter cells

Exchange of genetic material  between chromosomes in Mitosis?

No

Exchange of genetic material  between chromosomes in Meiosis?

Yes, Crossing Over during  Prophase I

How is the genetic material of daughter cells compared to parent cells in Mitosis?

Same genetic information as parent cells

Same function as parent cells

Genetically identical

How is the genetic material of daughter cells compared to parent cells in Meiosis?

Different genetic information, different function

Number of chromosomes in daughter cells compared to parent cells in Mitosis?

Same as the parent cell

Number of chromosomes in daughter cells compared to parent cells in Meiosis?

Final number of chromosomes is reduced by a half

Cellular Respiration Formula?

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) -- 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H20 (water) + energy

Where does Cellular Respiration occur?

Mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)

Primary Function of Carbohydrates?

quick source of energy, includes starches.

Primary Function of Lipids?

storing energy

Primary Function of Protiens?

building tissue and cell parts, enzymes

Primary Function of Nucleic Acids?

components of DNA

Elements of Carbohydrates?

C, H, O

Elements of Lipids

C, H, O

Elements of Proteins?

C, H, O, N

Elements of Nucleic Acids?

C, H, O, N, P

8.2 mm = __μm?

8,200μm

 3900 μm = __ mm?

3\.9mm

Cell Theory? (3 parts)

1. All cells come from pre-existing cells
2. All living things are composed of one or more cells
3. The cell is the basic unit of life.

Function of the Cell Membrane?

Regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.

**Function of the Nucleus?**

The structure in a cell that contains chromosomes and stores genetic information. 

Function of the Mitochondria?

The powerhouse of the cell.

Function of the Ribosomes?

Make protein through enzymes.

Function of the Vacuole?

In plants it to store water and in animals it is a storage for waste products. 

Function of the Chloroplasts?

That converts light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process.

Function of the Cell Wall?

Provides strength and protection for a cell and gives structure. 

Cell Membrane, Animal or Plant cells?

Both

Nucleus, Animal or Plant cells?

Both

Mitochondria, Animal or Plant cells?

Both

Ribosomes, Animal or Plant cells?

Both

Vacuole, Animal or Plant cells?

Both

Chloroplasts, Animal or Plant cells?

Plants

Cell Wall, Animal or Plant cells?

Plants

What does S, I, G stand for? (NYS mandate lab)

Starch, Iodine, and Glucose

What does Poly mean?

Many units

What does Mono mean?

One unit

How are Polymers broken down?

Hydrolysis

What is a Triple Beam Balance used for?

to measure the mass of various objects.

What is a Graduated Cylinder used for?

measuring the volumes of liquids.

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What is Chromatography?

process for separating components of a mixture.

What are Enzymes used for?

help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies.

What is the Neutral pH level?

7

What is the Acidic pH level?

lower than 7

What is the Basic pH level?

above 7

What is Diffusion?

the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

What is Osmosis?

the net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

What is Cellular Respiration?

the process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions.

What is Photosynthesis?

the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.

What is Active Transport?

the process of moving molecules across a cellular membrane through the use of cellular energy.

low - high concentration

What is Asexual reproduction?

a mode of reproduction in which a new offspring is produced by a single parent.

What is Sexual reproduction?

a mode of reproduction involving the fusion of haploid female and male gametes.

What is pH?

A measure of how acidic or basic a substance or solution is

What is a Solution?

mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent

What is Homeostasis?

balance or equilibrium.

What is a Zygote?

fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm).

What is a Diploid?

A cell containing two copies of each chromosome

What is a Haploid?

the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism's cells.

What is Budding?

an asexual reproduction method in which a new organism develops from a bud of an existing organism.

What is Vegetative Propagation?

an asexual method of plant reproduction that occurs in its leaves, roots and stem.

What is Regeneration Runners?

the natural process of replacing or restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, and even entire body parts.

What is a Polyploid?

A cell or an organism containing more than two sets of homologous chromosomes.

What are Guard Cells?

pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores.

What are Genes?

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child.

What is Binary Fission?

asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies.

What is DNA?

molecule that contains the genetic code that is unique to every individual

What are Tubers?

storage organs for nutrients in some plants.

What is Tetrad?

a group or arrangement of four

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane.

What is Reproduction?

the production of an offspring

What causes Cancer?

rapid cell division

What are Chromosomes?

A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell that carries genetic info

What are Centromeres?

the region where the cell's spindle fibers attach.

What is Cytokinesis?

the process of division of cytoplasm

What is Digestion?

the complex process of turning the food you eat into nutrients

What is Excretion?

the process where all the metabolic wastes are removed from the body